I owe a special debt to Professor Sir Isaiah Berlin of Oxford and the Reverend Professor Georges Florovsky. They are in many ways the spiritual fathers of this book, having generously fortified me with ideas, criticism, and references during and since my years at Oxford and Harvard. I also profited from discussions with Professors Mavrodin and Bialy and Messrs. Malyshev, Gol'dberg, and Volk during my visits to the University of Leningrad as an exchange lecturer in March 1961, and again in January 1965, while on an exchange with Moscow University. On this latter occasion, I had the privilege of lecturing on the substance of this book at both universities. In Moscow, I benefited from discussions with Professors
CONTENTS
Klibanov and Novitsky and Mr. A. Sakharov. I am grateful for stimulus as well as courtesies to these and others in the USSR, and only hope that the exchange of often differing views in this area will continue and deepen. I also thank Mme Popova and Director Lebedev for enabling me to study in detail (and obtain reproductions from) the rich collections of P. D. Korin and the Tret'iakov Gallery respectively. I owe a real debt to my colleagues in the History Department at Princeton: Joseph Strayer, Cyril Black, and Jerome Blum, who along with R. Tucker, R. Burgi, G. Alef, N. Berberova, and Professors Berlin and Florovsky were good enough to read and comment upon sections of the book. I owe a special debt to Charles Moser for his reading and comments. None of these people should suffer any measure of guilt by association with the emphases and approach, let alone the imperfections of this work.
Among the many others whom I should properly thank, I can mention only my lively-I might even say intelligentnye-students at Harvard and Princeton, and three great, departed teachers who profoundly influenced me and will not be forgotten by any who knew them: Albert M. Friend, Walter P. Hall, and E. Harris Harbison. Finally, I must thank my beloved wife and companion Marjorie, to whom this book is gratefully and affectionately dedicated.
NOTE
For the sake of readability, I have deferred all but the most essential Russian terms to the reference section at the end of the book, and have introduced a few modifications in the usual method of transliterating Russian (principally the use of an initial Ya and Yu and a terminal oy in names, a uniform rendering of all singular adjectives ending in ? or yi as y, and the elimination of terminal soft signs in names like Suzdal and Pestel). I have generally tried to follow familiar usage in determining whether to use the English or transliterated Russian form of a name, but have tended to favor the English version of first names and the transliterated Russian version of last names. Internal soft signs will generally be maintained. Exceptions to general practice in transliteration will be made to conform with accepted English usage in place names (Kharkov, Dnieper), frequently used Russian words (boyar, sobors, Bolshoi Theater), and Russian names rendered differently in English by authors writing themselves in English (Vinogradoff, Gorodetzky).
I.Backgroundi
Kiev3
The Forest16 Axe and Icon 26 Bell and Cannon ?1
II.The Confrontation45
The Muscovite Ideology47
The Coming of the West78 Novgorod 79 "The Latins" 84 "The Germans" 97 The Religious Wars 102
115 121 127
III.The Century of Schism
1.The Split Within
The Theocratic Answer
The Fundamentalist
Answer 135
The Great Change 144
2.The Westward Turn163
New Religious Answers 163
The Sectarian Tra
dition 174
The New World of
St. Petersburg 180
The Defense of Mus
covy 192
IV.The Century of
Aristocratic Culture 207
1. The Troubled Enlight
enment213
The Dilemma of the
Reforming Despot 217
The Fruits of the En lightenment
The Alienation of the Intellectuals
Novikov and Masonry
The Frustration of Po litical Reform
2.The Anti-Enlighten
ment
Catholics Pietists Orthodox The Legacy
3.The "Cursed Ques
tions"
The Flight to Philoso phy
The Meaning of His tory
The Prophetic Role of Art
The Missing Madonna
The "Hamlet Question"
V. On to New Shores
The Turn to Social Thought
The Agony of Populist Art
New Perspectives of the Waning Century Constitutional Liberal ism
Dialectical Material ism Mystical Idealism
VI. The Uncertain Colossus
1.Crescendo
Prometheanism
Sensualism
A pocalypticism
2.The Soviet Era
The Leninist Legacy The Revenge of Muscovy
?1?
475 478 492 504 519 524
532
3.Fresh Ferment
The Reprise of Pasternak New Voices
4.The Irony of Russian
History
Bibliography
References
Index follows page
550
554 564
590 599 627 786
ILLUSTRATIONS
Map : Modern European Russia
Forms of the Virgin
Following page 105 I "Vladimir Mother of God," early twelfth century, Constantinople Tret'iakov Gallery, Moscow
II "Virgin and Child Rejoicing," mid-sixteenth-century painting from the upper Volga region, probably Kostroma Tret'iakov Gallery, Moscow
IIIVirgin and Christ from
the central triptych
(deesis) of a sixteenth-
century icon screen
Personal Collection
of P. D. Korin, Moscow
IV"Petersburg, 1918" (pop
ularly known as "Our
Lady of Petersburg") by
Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin,
1920
Tret'iakov Gallery, Moscow