650,000 people: “Account Holders,” Black Duck Open Hub, accessed June 25, 2015.
more than half a million projects: “Projects,” Black Duck Open Hub, accessed June 25, 2015.
size of the General Motors workforce: “Annual Report 2014,” General Motors, 2015, http://goo.gl/DhXIxp.
several hundred contributors: “Current Apache HTTP Server Project Members,” Apache HTTP Server Project, accessed June 25, 2015.
60,000 person-years of work: Amanda McPherson, Brian Proffitt, and Ron Hale-Evans, “Estimating the Total Development Cost of a Linux Distribution,” Linux Foundation, 2008.
10,000 daily active communities: “About Reddit,” Reddit, accessed June 25, 2015.
1 billion monthly users: “Statistics,” YouTube, accessed June 25, 2015.
have contributed to Wikipedia: “Wikipedia: Wikipedians,” Wikipedia, accessed June 25, 2015.
posted on Instagram: “Stats,” Instagram, accessed May 2, 2015.
700 million groups participate in Facebook: “Facebook Just Released Their Monthly Stats and the Numbers Are Staggering,” TwistedSifter, April 23, 2015.
1.4 billion citizens of Facebook: Ibid.
survey of 2,784 open source developers: Rishab Aiyer Ghosh, Ruediger Glott, Bernhard Krieger, et al., “Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study,” International Institute of Infonomics, University of Maastricht, Netherlands, 2002, Figure 35: “Reasons to Join and to Stay in OS/FS Community.”
“improve my own damn software”: Gabriella Coleman, “The Political Agnosticism of Free and Open Source Software and the Inadvertent Politics of Contrast,” Anthropological Quarterly 77, no. 3 (2004): 507–19.
it had only 30 employees: Gary Wolf, “Why Craigslist Is Such a Mess,” Wired 17(9), August 24, 2009.
“as smart as everyone”: Larry Keeley, “Ten Commandments for Success on the Net,” Fast Company, June 30, 1996.
as Clay Shirky puts it: Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations (New York: Penguin Press, 2008).
“Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace”: John Perry Barlow, “Declaring Independence,” Wired 4(6), June 1996.
$24 billion in 2015: Steven Perlberg, “Social Media Ad Spending to Hit $24 Billion This Year,” Wall Street Journal, April 15, 2015.
tried to harness readers’ reports: Rachel McAthy, “Lessons from the Guardian’s Open Newslist Trial,” Journalism.co.uk, July 9, 2012.
OhMyNews in South Korea: “OhMyNews,” Wikipedia, accessed July 30, 2015.
Fast Company signed up 2,000: Ed Sussman, “Why Michael Wolff Is Wrong,” Observer, March 20, 2014.
smaller number of editors: Aaron Swartz, “Who Writes Wikipedia?,” Raw Thought, September 4, 2006.
“an old-boy network”: Kapor first said this about the internet pre-web in the late 1980s. Personal communication.
not exactly a bastion of equality: “Wikipedia: WikiProject Countering Systemic Bias,” Wikipedia, accessed July 31, 2015.
9,000 startups in 2015: Mesh, accessed August 18, 2015, http://meshing.it.
Babylonian chants: Stef Conner, “The Lyre Ensemble,” StefConner.com, accessed July 31, 2015.
TV commercial using smartphones: Amy Keyishian and Dawn Chmielewski, “Apple Unveils TV Commercials Featuring Video Shot with iPhone 6,” Re/code, June 1, 2015; and V. Renée, “This New Ad for Bentley Was Shot on the iPhone 5S and Edited on an iPad Air Right Inside the Car,” No Film School, May 17, 2014.
paintings using an iPad: Claire Cain Miller, “IPad Is an Artist’s Canvas for David Hockney,” Bits Blog, New York Times, January 10, 2014.
Korean pop dance video “Gangnam Style”: Officialpsy, “Psy—Gangnam Style M/V,” YouTube, July 15, 2012, accessed August 19, 2015, https://goo.gl/LoetL.
9 million fans to fund 88,000 projects: “Stats,” Kickstarter, accessed June 25, 2015.
raise more than $34 billion each year: “Global Crowdfunding Market to Reach $34.4B in 2015, Predicts Massolution’s 2015 CF Industry Report,” Crowdsourcing.org, April 7, 2015.
about 20,000 people who raised: “The Year in Kickstarter 2013,” Kickstarter, January 9, 2014.
unless the total amount is raised: “Creator Handbook: Funding,” Kickstarter, accessed July 31, 2015.
highest grossing Kickstarter campaign: Pebble Time is currently the most funded Kickstarter, with $20,338,986 to date. “Most Funded,” Kickstarter, accessed August 18, 2015.
40 percent of all projects succeed: “Stats: Projects and Dollars Success Rate,” Kickstarter, accessed July 31, 2015.
SeedInvest and FundersClub: Marianne Hudson, “Understanding Crowdfunding and Emerging Trends,” Forbes, April 9, 2015.
ordinary citizens in early 2016: Steve Nicastro, “Regulation A+ Lets Small Businesses Woo More Investors,” NerdWallet Credit Card blog, June 25, 2015.
more than $725 million: “About Us: Latest Statistics,” Kiva, accessed June 25, 2015.
loans worth more than $10 billion: Simon Cunningham, “Default Rates at Lending Club & Prosper: When Loans Go Bad,” LendingMemo, October 17, 2014; and Davey Alba, “Banks Are Betting Big on a Startup That Bypasses Banks,” Wired, April 8, 2015.
GE has launched over 400 new products: Steve Lohr, “The Invention Mob, Brought to You by Quirky,” New York Times, February 14, 2015.
Netflix announced an award: Preethi Dumpala, “Netflix Reveals Million-Dollar Contest Winner,” Business Insider, September 21, 2009.
Forty thousand groups submitted: “Leaderboard,” Netflix Prize, 2009.
150,000 car fanatics: Gary Gastelu, “Local Motors 3-D-Printed Car Could Lead an American Manufacturing Revolution,” Fox News, July 3, 2014.
3-D-printed electric car: Paul A. Eisenstein, “Startup Plans to Begin Selling First 3-D-Printed Cars Next Year,” NBC News, July 8, 2015.
7: FILTERING
8 million new songs: Private correspondence with Richard Gooch, CTO, International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, April 15, 2015. This is a low estimate, with a higher estimate being 12 million, according to Paul Jessop and David Hughes, “In the Matter of: Technological Upgrades to Registration and Recordation Functions,” Docket No. 2013-2, U.S. Copyright Office, 2013, Comments in response to the March 22, 2013, Notice of Inquiry.