rose 400 percent from 1982 to 2014: “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Medical Care [CPIMEDSL],” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed June 25, 2015.
rate for babysitting: “2014 National Childcare Survey: Babysitting Rates & Nanny Pay,” Urban Sitter, 2014; and Ed Halteman, “2013 INA Salary and Benefits Survey,” International Nanny Association, 2012.
cost of home visits: Brant Morefield, Michael Plotzke, Anjana Patel, et al., “Hospice Cost Reports: Benchmarks and Trends, 2004–2011,” Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011.
8: REMIXING
existing resources that are rearranged: Paul M. Romer, “Economic Growth,” Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, Library of Economics and Liberty, 2008.
combination of existing technologies: W. Brian Arthur, The Nature of Technology: What It Is and How It Evolves (New York: Free Press, 2009).
fan-created works to date: Archive of Our Own, accessed July 29, 2015.
12 million Vine clips: Jenna Wortham, “Vine, Twitter’s New Video Tool, Hits 13 Million Users,” Bits blog, New York Times, June 3, 2013.
1.5 billion daily loops: Carmel DeAmicis, “Vine Rings in Its Second Year by Hitting 1.5 Billion Daily Loops,” Gigaom, January 26, 2015.
million person-hours to produce: Personal calculation. Very few materials are consumed making a movie; 95 percent of the cost goes to labor and people’s time, including subcontractors. Assuming that the average wage is less than $100 per hour, a $100 million movie entails at least one million hours of work.
about 600 feature films are released: “Theatrical Market Statistics 2014,” Motion Picture Association of America, 2015.
12 billion times in a single month: “ComScore Releases January 2014 U.S. Online Video Rankings,” comScore, February 21, 2014.
more than any blockbuster movie: The top-selling movie, Gone with the Wind, has sold an estimated 202,044,600 tickets. “All Time Box Office,” Box Office Mojo, accessed August 7, 2015.
100 million short video clips: Mary Meeker, “Internet Trends 2014—Code Conference,” Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, 2014.
Iron Editor challenge: “Sakura-Con 2015 Results (and Info),” Iron Editor, April 7, 2015; and Neda Ulaby, “‘Iron Editors’ Test Anime Music-Video Skills,” NPR, August 2, 2007.
than with traditional cinematography: Michael Rubin, Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution (Gainesville, FL: Triad Publishing, 2005).
1.5 trillion photos posted: Mary Meeker, “Internet Trends 2014—Code Conference,” Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, 2014.
“database cinema”: Lev Manovich, “Database as a Symbolic Form,” Millennium Film Journal 34 (1999); and Cristiano Poian, “Investigating Film Algorithm: Transtextuality in the Age of Database Cinema,” presented at the Cinema and Contemporary Visual Arts II, V Magis Gradisca International Film Studies Spring School, 2015, accessed August 19, 2015.
in the 13th century: Malcolm B. Parkes, “The Influence of the Concepts of Ordinatio and Compilatio on the Development of the Book,” in Medieval Learning and Literature: Essays Presented to Richard William Hunt, eds. J. J. G. Alexander and M. T. Gibson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), 115–27.
Footnotes, invented in about: Ivan Illich, In the Vineyard of the Text: A Commentary to Hugh’s Didascalicon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 97.
bibliographic citations: Malcolm B. Parkes, “The Influence of the Concepts of Ordinatio and Compilation on the Development of the Book,” in Medieval Learning and Literature: Essays Presented to Richard William Hunt, eds. J.J.G. Alexander and M. T. Gibson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), 115–27.
gaining visual intelligence rapidly: John Markoff, “Researchers Announce Advance in Image-Recognition Software,” New York Times, November 17, 2014.
“one can only reread it”: Vladimir Nabokov, Lectures on Literature (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980).
“He who receives an idea from me”: Thomas Jefferson, “Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson, 13 Aug. 1813,” in Founders’ Constitution, eds. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1986).
multibillion-dollar industry: “Music Industry Revenue in the U.S. 2014,” Statista, 2015, accessed August 11, 2015.
uncertainty about Google’s reuse: Margaret Kane, “Google Pauses Library Project,” CNET, October 10, 2005.
70 years after the death of the creator: “Duration of Copyright,” Section 302(a), Circular 92, Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code, U.S. Copyright Office, accessed August 11, 2015.
9: INTERACTING
dim room in the research labs of Stanford: In-person VR demonstration by Jeremy Bailenson, director, Stanford University’s Virtual Human Interaction Lab, June 2015.
empty head-mounted display unit: Menchie Mendoza, “Google Cardboard vs. Samsung Gear VR: Which Low-Cost VR Headset Is Best for Gaming?,” Tech Times, July 21, 2015.
“light field” projection: Douglas Lanman, “Light Field Displays at AWE2014 (Video),” presented at the Augmented World Expo, June 2, 2014.
first commercial light field units: Jessi Hempel, “Project HoloLens: Our Exclusive Hands-On with Microsoft’s Holographic Goggles,” Wired, January 21, 2015.
50,000 avatars are simultaneously roaming: Luppicini Rocci, Moral, Ethical, and Social Dilemmas in the Age of Technology: Theories and Practice (Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2013); and Mei Douthitt, “Why Did Second Life Fail? (Mei’s Answer),” Quora, March 18, 2015.
Half of them are there for virtual sex: Frank Rose, “How Madison Avenue Is Wasting Millions on a Deserted Second Life,” Wired, July 24, 2007.
urinal in the men’s restroom: Nicholas Negroponte, “Sensor Deprived,” Wired 2(10), October 1, 1994.
“not enough Africa in them”: Kevin Kelly, “Gossip Is Philosophy,” Wired 3(5), May 1995.
Project Jacquard: Virginial Postre, “Google’s Project Jacquard Gets It Right,” BloombergView, May 31, 2015.
prototype from Northeastern University: Brian Heater, “Northeastern University Squid Shirt Torso-On,” Engadget, June 12, 2012.
Sensory Substitution Vest: Shirley Li, “The Wearable Device That Could Unlock a New Human Sense,” Atlantic, April 14, 2015.