CHAPTER 3
THE FUTURE OF STATES
YouTube in Iran: Gwen Ackerman and Ladane Nasseri, “Google Confirms Gmail and YouTube Blocked in Iran Since Feb. 10,” Bloomberg, February 13, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-13/google-confirms-gmail-and-youtube-blocked-in-iran-since-feb-10.html.
We recommend the 2006 book Who Controls the Internet?: Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu, Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
most users tend to stay within their own cultural spheres: Author’s determination based on ten years as CEO of Google and two as executive chairman.
Particular terms like “Falun Gong”: Mark McDonald, “Watch Your Language! (In China, They Really Do),” Rendezvous (blog), International Herald Tribune, the global edition of the New York Times, March 13, 2012, http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/watch-your-language-and-in-china-they-do/.
following a contentious trip: Observations from Google’s executive chairman, Eric Schmidt.
Chinese officials had hired nearly three hundred thousand: Nate Anderson, “280,000 Pro-China Astroturfers Are Running Amok Online,” Ars Technica, March 26, 2010, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2010/03/280000-pro-china-astroturfers-are-running-amok-online.ars; Rebecca MacKinnon, “China, the Internet, and Google,” prepared remarks (not delivered) for Congressional-Executive Commission on China, March 1, 2010, http://rconversation.blogs.com/MacKinnonCECC_Mar1.pdf; David Bandurski, “China’s Guerrilla War for the Web,” Far Eastern Economic Review, July 2008, http://www.feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web. Note: the 280,000 figure was originally published in 2008, but restated in 2010.
In a white paper released in 2010: Full Text: The Internet in China, IV. Basic Principles and Practices of Internet Administration (June 8, 2010), Chinese Government’s Official Web Portal, http://english.gov.cn/2010-06/08/content_1622956_6.htm.
YouTube was blocked: Tom Zeller, Jr., “YouTube Banned in Turkey after Insults to Ataturk,” The Lede (blog), New York Times, March 7, 2007, http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/03/07/youtube-banned-in-turkey-after-insults-to-ataturk/.
YouTube agreed to block the videos: Jeffrey Rosen, “Google’s Gatekeepers,” New York Times Magazine, November 28, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink.
some eight thousand websites: Ayla Albayrak, “Turkey Dials Back Plan to Expand Censorship,” Wall Street Journal, August 6, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903885604576490253692671470.html.
four-tier system of censorship: Sebnem Arsu, “Internet Filters Set Off Protests Around Turkey,” New York Times, May 15, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/16/world/europe/16turkey.html?_r=3&.
thousands of people in more than thirty cities: Ibid.
Under pressure, the government dialed back its plan: Ayla Albayrak, “Turkey Dials Back Plan to Expand Censorship,” Wall Street Journal, August 6, 2011.
more aggressive filtering framework: “New Internet Filtering System Condemned as Backdoor Censorship,” Reporters Without Borders, December 2, 2011, http://en.rsf.org/turquie-new-internet-filtering-system-02-12-2011,41498.html.
Reporters Without Borders: Ibid.
When a Turkish newspaper reported: “Internet Filters Block Evolution Website for Children in Turkey,” Hurriyet (Istanbul), December 8, 2011, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/internet-filters-block-evolution-website-for-children-in-turkey.aspx?pageID=238&nID=8709&NewsCatID=374; Sara Reardon, “Controversial Turkish Internet Censorship Program Targets Evolution Sites,” Science, December 9, 2011, http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2011/12/controversial-turkish-internet-c.html.
In South Korea, for example, the National Security Law: “Countries Under Surveillance: South Korea,” Reporters Without Borders, accessed October 21, 2012, http://en.rsf.org/surveillance-south-korea,39757.html.
government blocked some forty websites: Ibid.
took down a dozen accounts: Lee Tae-hoon, “Censorship on Pro-NK Websites Tight,” Korea Times, September 9, 2010, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/12/113_72788.html.
government blocks websites within Germany: “Europe,” OpenNet Initiative, accessed October 21, 2012, http://opennet.net/research/regions/europe; “Germany,” OpenNet Initiative, accessed October 21, 2012, http://opennet.net/research/profiles/germany.
despite promising its citizens: Clara Chooi, “Najib Repeats Promise of No Internet Censorship,” Malaysian Insider (Kuala Lumpur), April 24, 2011, http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/najib-repeats-promise-of-no-internet-censorship.
codify it in its Bill of Guarantees: “Benefits,” MSC Malaysia, accessed October 21, 2012, http://www.mscmalaysia.my/why_msc_malaysia.
blocked access to file-sharing sites: Ricky Laishram, “Malayasian Government Blocks the Pirate Bay, MegaUpload and Other File Sharing Websites,” Techie Buzz, June 9, 2011, http://techie-buzz.com/tech-news/malayasian-government-blocks-websites.html.
Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission: Wong Pek Mei, “MCMC Wants Block of 10 Websites That Allow Illegal Movie Downloads,” The Star (Petaling Jaya), June 10, 2011, http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/6/10/nation/20110610161330&sec=nation.
“We respect that each country has chosen for itself”: Sukhbaatar Batbold (former prime minister of Mongolia) in discussion with the authors, November 2011.
Chile became the first country in the world: Tim Stevens, “Chile Becomes First Country to Guarantee Net Neutrality, We Start Thinking About Moving,” Engadget, July 15, 2010, http://www.engadget.com/2010/07/15/chile-becomes-first-country-to-guarantee-net-neutrality-we-star/.
About half of Chile’s 17 million people: See population in 2011 and percentage of Internet users in 2011 in “Midyear Population and Density—Custom Region—Chile, 2011,” U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, accessed October 21, 2012, http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php and “Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet,” International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ICT Data and Statistics (IDS), accessed October 21, 2012, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/.
“halal Internet”: Neal Ungerleider, “Iran Cracking Down Online with ‘Halal Internet,’ ” Fast Company, April 18, 2011, http://www.fastcompany.com/1748123/iran-cracking-down-online-halal-internet.
official launch was imminent: Neal Ungerleider, “Iran’s ‘Second Internet’ Rivals Censorship of China’s ‘Great Firewall,’ ” Fast Company, February 23, 2012, http://www.fastcompany.com/1819375/irans-second-internet-rivals-censorship-chinas-great-firewall.