“government-approved videos”: David Murphy, “Iran Launches ‘Mehr,’ Its Own YouTube-like Video Hub,” http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2413014,00.asp.
the first phase the national “clean” Internet: Christopher Rhoads and Farnaz Fassihi, “Iran Vows to Unplug Internet,” Wall Street Journal, updated December 19, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704889404576277391449002016.html; Nick Meo, “Iran Planning to Cut Internet Access to Rest of World,” Telegraph (London), April 28, 2012, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9233390/Iran-planning-to-cut-internet-access-to-rest-of-world.html.
2012 ban on the import of foreign computer security software: S. Isayev and T. Jafarov, “Iran Bans Import of Foreign Computer Security Software,” Trend, February 20, 2012, http://en.trend.az/regions/iran/1994160.html.
Iran’s head of economic affairs told the country’s state-run news agency: Rhoads and Fassihi, “Iran Vows to Unplug Internet,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704889404576277391449002016.html.
Pakistan has pledged to build something similar: “Request for Proposaclass="underline" National URL Filtering and Blocking System,” National ICT R&D Fund, accessed October 21, 2012, http://ictrdf.org.pk/RFP-%20URL%20Filtering%20%26%20Blocking.pdf; Ungerleider, “Iran’s ‘Second Internet’ Rivals Censorship of China’s ‘Great Firewall,’ ” http://www.fastcompany.com/1819375/irans-second-internet-rivals-censorship-chinas-great-firewall; Danny O’Brien, “Pakistan’s Excessive Internet Censorship Plans,” Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), March 1, 2012, http://www.cpj.org/internet/2012/03/pakistans-excessive-net-censorship-plans.php. It is worth noting that at the time of writing, the Pakistani program had been “shelved.” See Shahbaz Rana, “IT Ministry Shelves Plan to Install Massive URL Blocking System,” The Express Tribune (Karachi) (blog) with the International Herald Tribune, March 19, 2012, http://tribune.com.pk/story/352172/it-ministry-shelves-plan-to-install-massive-url-blocking-system/.
company that owns 75 percent of North Korea’s only official mobile network, Koryolink: “Mobile Phones in North Korea: Also Available to Earthlings,” Economist, February 11, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/21547295.
For North Korean subscribers, Koryolink service is a walled garden: Ibid.
North Korean daily Rodong Sinmun sending users the latest news by text message: Ibid.
pay their phone bills in euros: Ibid; David Matthew, “Understanding the Growth of KoryoLink,” NK News, December 15, 2011, http://www.nknews.org/2011/12/understanding-koryo-link/.
leaping from three hundred thousand subscribers: “Mobile Phones in North Korea: Also Available to Earthlings,” Economist, February 11, 2012.
Koryolink’s gross operating margin: Ibid.
Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks: Steve Stecklow, Farnaz Fassihi and Loretta Chao, “Chinese Tech Giant Aids Iran,” Wall Street Journal, October 27, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204644504576651503577823210.html?_nocache=1346874829284&user=welcome&mg=id-wsj.
Huawei actively promoted its products: Ibid.
Zaeim Electronic Industries Co., is also the favorite: Ibid.
Huawei claims to offer Zaeim only “commercial public-use products and services”: Ibid.
Huawei published a press release: Huawei, “Statement Regarding Inaccurate and Misleading Claims About Huawei’s Commercial Operations in Iran,” press release, November 4, 2011, http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/newsroom/press-release/hw-104191.htm.
“voluntarily restrict” its business operations: Huawei, “Statement Regarding Huawei’s Commercial Operations in Iran,” press release, December 9, 2011, http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/newsroom/press-release/hw-104866-statement-commercialoperations.htm.
“fully implement all of the intellectual property laws”: Hu Jintao (former president of China) in discussion with a small group of business leaders at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) CEO Summit in 2011.
It’s estimated that U.S. companies lost approximately $3.5 billion in 2009: 2010 Report to Congress on China’s WTO Compliance, United States Trade Representative (December 2010), 5, http://www.ustr.gov/webfm_send/2460.
79 percent of all copyright-infringing goods: Ibid., 92.
Russia, India and Pakistan have all been singled out: 2011 Special 301 Report, United States Trade Representative, see “Section II: Country Reports Priority Watch List,” 25, 28, 30, http://www.ustr.gov/webfm_send/2841.
Israel and Canada: Ibid., 27, 29.
definition of cyber warfare offered by the former U.S. counterterrorism chief Richard Clarke: Richard A. Clarke and Robert K. Knake, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It (New York: Ecco, 2010), 6.
In October 2012, the U.S. secretary of defense, Leon Panetta, warned: Elisabeth Bumiller and Thom Shanker, “Panetta Warns of Dire Threat of Cyberattack on U.S.,” New York Times, October 11, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/world/panetta-warns-of-dire-threat-of-cyberattack.html?hp&_r=1&.
“war as a continuation of policy by other means”: Carl von Clausewitz, On War (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1968). The original quote is “war as a continuation of politik by other means.”
“it’s just much harder to know who took the shot at you”: Craig Mundie in discussion with the authors, November 2011.
Mundie calls cyber-espionage tactics “weapons of mass disruption”: Craig Mundie, “Information Security in the Digital Decade.” Remarks at the American Chamber of Commerce in Bangkok, Thailand, October 20, 2003, http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/exec/craig/10-20security.aspx.
until a virus known as Flame, discovered in 2012, claimed that title: “Resource 207: Kaspersky Lab Research Proves That Stuxnet and Flame Developers Are Connected,” Kaspersky Lab, June 11, 2012, http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2012/Resource_207_KasperskyLab_Research_Proves_that_Stuxnet_and_Flame_Developers_are_Connected.
causing the centrifuges to abruptly speed up or slow down: David E. Sanger, “Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran,” New York Times, June 1, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html?_r=1&ref=davidesanger&pagewanted=all.
perhaps unwittingly introduced by a Natanz employee on a USB flash drive: Ibid.
as the Iranian president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, admitted: Julian Borger and Saeed Kamali Dehghan, “Attack on Iranian Nuclear Scientists Prompts Hit Squad Claims,” Guardian (Manchester), November 29, 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/29/iranian-nuclear-scientists-attack-claims.
had escaped “into the wild”: Sanger, “Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html?_r=1&ref=davidesanger&pagewanted=all.
references to dates and biblical stories: Elinor Mills, “Stuxnet: Fact vs. Theory,” CNET, October 5, 2010, http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20018530-245.html.