universities, 186–7
Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS), 213–14, 219
Utley, Peter, 114, 252, 273, 427, 442
Valtin, Jan, 29, 57–8
Van Den Haag, Ernest, 558
Van Straubenzee, William (Bill), 165, 187
Vance, Cyrus, 367
Varley, Eric, 312
Vassall, William John, 126
Venice, history, 580
Venice Declaration (1980), 476
Vietnam war, 349
Villiers, Philippe de, 494
Vinson, Nigel, 252
Volcker, Paul, 596
wage freeze (1966), 139, 160
Wages Councils, 575
Walden, Brian, 402, 423–4, 429, 444
Wales, devolution, 321, 323, 430–2
Walker, Peter: relationship with Heath, 201–2; Environment, 202; local government reforms, 202; DTI, 224; manifesto (October 1974), 246–7; leadership election campaign, 274; MT’s Shadow Cabinet rejection, 289–90; income policy, 300, 302; devolution issue, 326
Walker-Smith, Derek, 210
Walley, John, 123
Walsall North by-election (1976), 319
Walters, Alan, 221, 254, 299, 303, 567
Ward, Alison, 269, 293
Ward, George, 397
Ward, Irene, 81
Warrender, Sir Victor (Lord Bruntisfield), 25, 33
Warsaw Pact, 362, 531, 532
water: charges, 247; privatization, 574
Webley, Simon, 252
Wedgwood Benn, see Benn
Weekend World, 402, 423–4, 425
Weighell, Sid, 446
welfare dependency, 538, 543–8, 559–60, 599
Welfare State: creation, 46, 47, 543; election issue, 71, 411; Conservative policy (1954), 87; growth, 148
Welsh Nationalists, 430–2
Welsh Party Conference (1975), 302
Wesley, John, 10, 105
Wesley’s Chapel, City Road, 11, 76
Western European Union (WEU), 475, 495
Westminster, Palace of, 107–8
Wheeler, Morris, 68
White, Eirene, 117
Whitelaw, William: in Heath’s Cabinet, 201; Employment Secretary, 231; miners’ strike (1974), 235; general election (February 1974), 235–6; Conservative manifesto (October 1974), 247, 249; leadership election (1975), 277–80; Deputy Leadership, 284–5; Thorneycroft connection, 291; incomes policy, 303, 304; Conference (1975), 307; Shadow Home Secretary, 310; devolution issue, 322, 326; EC referendum, 330–1, 335; immigration policy, 407, 409; Stepping Stones discussions, 421, 422; fall of Labour government, 432–3; election campaign (1979), 444, 447
Whitlam, Gough, 386
Whitman, Walt, 19
Whittingdale, John, 465
Why Britain Needs a Social Market Economy, 253
Wilberforce, Lord, 215, 218–19
Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, 7
Wilde, Oscar, 478
Williams, H. Gladys, 18
Williams, Sir Herbert, 71
Williams, Lady, 71
Williams, Shirley, 398, 428, 445
Wilson, Harold: childhood photograph outside No. 10, 10; Leader of Labour Party, 128; economics, 130; general election (1966), 137; ‘Swinging Britain’, 153; ‘Selsdon Man’ attack, 160; general election (1970), 161; ‘social contract’, 236; general election (1974), 238; MT’s leadership election, 284; Commons debate with MT, 297; incomes policy, 304; resignation, 312–13, 336, 419; EC referendum, 335
Wilson, James Q., 542n, 557n
Wilson, Woodrow, 520
Winning, Norman, 79
Winter of Discontent (1978–79): Conservative relations with TUC, 312; Callaghan’s role, 313, 419–20, 444; Conservative trade union policy, 423; MT’s offer to Labour government, 427–9, 453; picketing, 437; general election (1979), 446, 452–3, 604
Wolff, Michael, 249
Wolfson, David, 293, 441
Wood, Richard, 119, 123
Woodhouse School, 172, 459
Woolton, Lord, 65
Woolwich West by-election (1975), 343
Workfare, 560
Workington by-election (1976), 319
World Bank, 56, 588
World in Action, 276, 408
World War, First, 25, 118, 522
World War, Second, 23–34, 41–4, 522
Wren, Sir Christopher, 38
Wyatt, Woodrow, 306
Yalta Agreement (1945), 57
Yardley, D.C.M., 324
Yarrow Shipbuilders, 214
Yeltsin, Boris, 512–13, 526
Yom Kippur War (1973), 229, 230, 372–3
Young, Andrew, 367
Young, Janet, Lady, 441, 456
Young Conservative Conferences, 279, 297, 311
Younger, George, 322, 325
youth culture, 153
Youth Training, 560
Yugoslavia: MT’s visit (1977), 369–71; war, 468–9, 476; EC policy, 494–5; break-up, 512; national identity, 523, 524, 525–6; peacekeeping forces, 534
Zambia, economy, 589
Zia-Ul-Haq, Mohammed, 384
Zurich Economic Society, 318
Acknowledgements
Writing this second volume of memoirs proved, slightly to my surprise, even more taxing than writing the first. In preparing The Downing Street Years, I had been able to consult a great mass of official papers which both revived and checked my memory of events. But when I turned to write the history of my early years — our family life, the first steps I took in politics, my experience as a minister and finally as Leader of the Opposition — I found that much less documentary evidence was readily available. There were, it is true, precious family papers for the Grantham years. Denis and I pooled our recollections of the fifties and sixties. Material from the Conservative Party archive and a (now sadly diminished) quantity of papers from the Department of Education supplemented this. Others allowed me to consult their papers, as I record below.
But I depended on my memoirs team to display even greater resourcefulness and powers of detection than for Volume I in the search for letters, diaries, cuttings, conference reports and all the multifarious files where little bits of modern lives are written down and stored away. All my companions in this venture were indispensable. But the most indispensable was Robin Harris, who helped me shape my thoughts, raised fruitful objections and ensured that I met a series of deadlines. John O’Sullivan parachuted in from America to polish the prose and sharpen the argument. Chris Collins ventured not only into the Conservative Party Archive but over half the country to assemble the scattered fragments of my life so as to refresh and correct my recollection. Debbie Fletcher worked unconscionably long hours, both in typing the manuscript and in looking after us, so that an accurate text was deposited in the publisher’s hands. If the work was often hard, it was always great fun. And I shall miss the convivial and stimulating times we spent knocking the book into shape. I must also record my gratitude to Eddie Bell and Stuart Proffitt of HarperCollins for encouragement and helpful suggestions.
I was fortunate to have the opportunity to discuss the turbulent and crucial years of my time as Leader of the Opposition with others who lived through them. A number of these friends also lent or gave me access to their papers. I would like to thank, in particular, the following: Sir Tim Bell, Roger Boaden, Sir Adam Butler, Lord Coin-brook, Gerald Frost, Sir George Gardiner MP, Sir John Hoskyns, Derek Howe, Sir John Lacy, Lord McAlpine, Sir Fergus Montgomery MP, Sir Peter Morrison, Sir Michael Partridge, Sir Gordon Reece, Richard Ryder MP and Caroline Ryder, Sir William Shelton, Sir Alfred Sherman, Sir John Stanley MP, Harvey Thomas, Alison Wakeham and Simon Webley.
Tessa Gaisman again helped me sort through the photographs. A number of people in Grantham kindly assisted in unearthing records of my life there: the editor and staff of the Grantham Journal; Jim Allen; and Lisa Budreau of Grantham Museum. In Oxford, Dr Pauline Adams gave me access to the archives of Somerville College. Dr Ann Gold helped in finding material relating to her brother, Edward Boyle. Tessa Phillips retrieved valuable material concerning Finchley. Alistair Cooke, Shirley Oxenbury and Dr Michael Maw gave me access to the archives of the Conservative Party. I am especially grateful to the Neave family for allowing me to see Airey Neave’s fascinating diary and papers.