“Aen. ” rather than “A. ” for Vergil’s Aeneid); and I have replaced the hopelessly purist Anc. as a reference to the emperor Augustus’ Res Gestae (Achievements) with RG. Where only one work by an author survives, I have referred to it by the author’s name alone. All quotations from ancient texts are given in English translation (my own unless stated otherwise). Reliable translations of almost every work I cite can be found in the Loeb Classical Library (parallel texts in Latin/Greek and English, published by Harvard University Press). Increasingly, translations are available online.
“Perseus” or “Lacus Curtius” are good places to start: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ and http://
penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html. On all details about the classical world, from authors to battles, the Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1996), is an excellent source of reliable information and pointers to further reading.
P RO LO G U E : T H E QU E S T I O N O F T R I U M PH
1. Seneca, Ep. 87, 23.
2. A convenient compendium of Renaissance triumphal ceremoniaclass="underline"
Mulryne, Watanabe-O’Kelly, and Shewring (2004). Napoleon: Haskell
and Penny (1981) 108–16; McClellan (1994) 121–3. Dewey: Malamud
(forthcoming). “Triumphal” parades in modern politics and culture:
Kimpel and Werckmeister (2001).
3. I follow the dating of Sperling (1992).
Notes to Pages 2–13
339
4. L. Schneider (1973).
5. Hopkins (1983) 1; Kelly (2006) 4.
1 . P O M PEY ’ S F I N E S T H O U R ?
1. Overview: Greenhalgh (1980) 168–76 and Mattingly (1936–7), a percep-
tive fictionalizing account.
2. Campaigns: Greenhalgh (1980) 72–167; Seager (2002) 40–62. Furniture
store: Appian, Mith. 115.
3. Suetonius, Jul. 51.
4. Plutarch, Luc. 37, 4 (63 bce).
5. Plutarch, Pomp. 45, 1; Pliny, Nat. 37, 14 (the object which directly prompted this fulmination was the portrait in pearls).
6. Appian, Mith. 116. The annual Roman tax revenue is an estimate, based
on figures given by Plutarch ( Pomp. 45, 3) who states that before Pompey’s conquests the annual tax revenue amounted to 50 million drachmae (the
equivalent of the Roman denarius); after Pompey it increased to 85 mil-
lion. We might well distrust the reliability of these figures; but most eco-
nomic historians have—in the absence of anything better—chosen to
believe that they represent roughly the right order of magnitude. Subsis-
tence food bilclass="underline" Hopkins (1978) 38–40.
7. Appian, Mith. 116; with Pliny, Nat. 33, 151 (silver statues of Mithradates and Pharnaces).
8. Pliny, Nat. 37, 13–4; and 18 (agate).
9. Pliny, Nat. 37, 14. Eastern landscapes: Kuttner (1999) 345.
10. Dio Cassius 37, 21, 2. The idea of the “whole world” in Pompey’s celebra-
tions: Nicolet (1991) 31–3.
11. The work of Jacopo Ripanda: Ebert-Schifferer (1988).
12. Musei Capitolini, inv. 1068; Stuart Jones (1926) 175; Helbig (1966) 2, no.
1453. The chances are that it came from the villa of the emperor Nero at
Anzio.
13. Pliny, Nat. 12, 111 (trees in general); 12, 20 (ebony); 25, 7 (the library).
Others (e.g. Kuttner [1999] 345) have imagined that balsam trees were in-
cluded in the procession, but Pliny (12, 111) is clear that these belonged to
the triumph of Vespasian and Titus in 71 ce.
14. Battlefield spoils: Appian Mith. 116.
15. Placards: Plutarch, Pomp. 45, 2; Appian, Mith. 117.
16. Appian, Mith. 116–7; Plutarch, Pomp. 45, 4 offers a different selection of resonant names.
Notes to Pages 13–21
340
17. Dio Cassius 36, 19. Metellus’ triumph took place in 62 bce.
18. Appian, Mith. 104–6, 111.
19. Appian, Mith. 117. The word eikones could indicate three- or two-dimensional images; but in referring to the picture of the daughters
of Mithradates, Appian writes explicitly of “painting” (Greek: para-
zÇgrapheÇ).
20. Appian, Mith. 117. Beard (2003a) 35 wrongly suggested that this Cleopatra was the sister of Alexander and so implied a slightly different history for
the cloak.
21. Appian, Mith. 117. A different ancient tradition has not even Aristoboulus put to death (p. 130).
22. Lucan 8, 553–4; 9, 599–600; also Propertius 3, 11, 35; Manilius 1, 793–4;
Deutsch (1924).
23. Dio Cassius 42, 18, 3. Trophies: Picard (1957).
24. Plutarch, Pomp. 45, 5.
25. Valerius Maximus 6, 2, 8.
26. Plutarch, Pomp. 11–2. The campaigns: Greenhalgh (1980) 12–29; Seager
(2002) 25–9.
27. Plutarch, Pomp. 14, 1–3; also Mor. 203E (= Apophthegmata Pompei 5); Zonaras, Epitome 10, 2.
28. Date (between 82 and 79): Eutropius 5, 9; Livy, Periochae. 89; Granius Licinianus 36, 1–2; De Viris Illustribus 77; Badian (1955), (1961);
Greenhalgh (1980) 235. Lack of status: Plutarch, Sert. 18, 2; Cicero, Man.
61; also Pliny, Nat. 7, 95; Valerius Maximus 8, 15, 8.
29. Below, p. 315–8.
30. Granius Licinianus 36, 3–4; Pliny, Nat. 8, 4; Plutarch, Pomp. 14, 4. Stage-management: Hölscher (2004) esp. 83–5.
31. Plutarch, Pomp. 14, 5; Mor. 203 F (= Apophthegmata Pompei 5); Frontinus, Str. 4, 5, 1.
32. Pliny, Nat. 37, 16; Appian, Mith. 116; Plutarch, Pomp. 45, 3. 6,000 sesterces would have been enough to support a peasant family at basic subsis-
tence for twelve years: above, n. 6.
33. Pinelli (1985) 320–1.
34. Memorial monuments: Hölscher (2006) esp. 39–45.
35. RRC no. 402. The dating problems are irresolvable. Different views:
BMCRR II, 464–5; Mattingly (1963) 51–2; RRC 83.
36. RRC no. 426.
37. Globe: Nicolet (1991) 37.
38. “Manubial” temples (so-called from their funding from manubiae,
“spoils”): Aberson (1994); Orlin (1996) 116–40, passim.
Notes to Pages 21–24
341
39. Pliny, Nat. 7, 97. The title imperator was often bestowed on a victorious general as a preliminary to a triumph. The temple itself and its possible
location: LTUR, s.v. Minerva, delubrum; Palmer (1990) esp. 13.
40. Vitruvius 3, 3, 5; Pliny, Nat. 34, 57; RRC no. 426, 4.
41. RRC no. 426, 3.
42. The basement of Ristorante da Pancrazio, Piazza del Biscione, offers a
convenient glimpse of one small section of the buried foundations. The
influence of the ancient structures on later topography: Capoferro
Cencetti (1979).
43. LTUR and Richardson, Dictionary s.v. Porticus Pompei, Theatrum Pompei, Venus Victrix, aedes; Beacham (1999) 61–72; Gagliardo and