[2002] 5–6).
67. Pliny, Nat. 7, 99; repeated by Florus, Epit. 1, 40 (3, 5, 31). A better pun on paper than orally, for media has a short “e,” Media a long “e.”
68. Dio Cassius 36, 19, 3; Plutarch, Pomp. 29, 4–5 (with Plutarch, Luc. 35, 7
for another tale of Pompey preempting a rival’s triumphal glory). The
similarity between Pompey’s triumphal aureus ( RRC no. 402 = Fig. 3) and Sulla’s of 82 bce ( RRC no. 367) and the issue commemorating
Marius’ ( RRC no. 326 = Fig. 19) clearly suggests that in this medium too
triumphing generals and/or their friends and subordinates were looking
over their shoulders at earlier triumphs (though the homage of imitation
is necessarily hard to distinguish from attempts to outbid).
Notes to Pages 34–38
344
69. Quotation: Beard (2003a) 25, paraphrasing the standard view.
70. Suetonius, Jul. 37, 2; Dio Cassius 43, 21, 1.
71. Pliny, Nat. 37, 14–6, with Hölscher (2004) 95–6. Caesar’s tears: Dio
Cassius 42, 8, 1; Valerius Maximus 5, 1, 10 (also stressing the head “with-
out the rest of his body”); Plutarch, Pomp. 80, 5; Caes. 48, 2 (making the signet ring the prompt for weeping, the head being too upsetting for
Caesar even to look at); Lucan 9, 1035–43 (explicitly “crocodile” tears).
72. Lucan 1, 12.
73. Lucan 2, 726–8.
74. Lucan 9, 175–9; cf Cicero, Att. 1, 18, 6. “Thrice seen by Jupiter” refers to his three triumphal processions culminating at the Temple of Jupiter. Triumphal accoutrements thrown also on the pyre of Caesar: Suetonius, Jul.
84, 4.
75. Lucan 7, 7–27 (conflating the first and second triumphs, implying his
first triumph was over Spain, rather than Africa). The dream: Plutarch,
Pomp. 68, 2; Florus, Epit. 2, 13 (4, 2, 45); H. J. Rose (1958); Walde (2001) 399–414. The tragedy of Pompey’s triumph as a theme of Renaissance literature: McGowan (2002) 280.
76. Dio Cassius 42, 5; Velleius Paterculus 2, 53, 3; Plutarch, Pomp. 79, 4 (putting his death on the day after his birthday). The attempts of Bayet (1940)
and Bonneau (1961) to place the “real” date of his death in August do not
undermine the significance of the “traditional” chronology of Pompey’s
life.
77. Itgenshorst (2005) esp. 13–41 stresses the role of literary accounts in me-
morializing the ceremony (rather than as documentary descriptions).
78. Theophanes: Peter (1865) 114–7; Anderson (1963) 35–41; Anastasiadis and
Souris (1992); he was certainly in Rome in April 59 bce, but we do not
know for how long before that (Cicero, Att. 2, 5, 1). Asinius Pollio: Gabba (1956) 79–88; Pollio could well have been present and had a personal investment in the triumph, having triumphed himself in 39, but his histo-
ries are known to have started in 60 bce, so any account of Pompey’s pa-
rade would have been, at most, a flashback.
79. Pliny’s list ( Nat. 7, 98) includes Crete and the Basternae not mentioned by Plutarch ( Pomp. 45, 2) who includes instead Mesopotamia, Arabia, and
“the area of Phoenicia and Palestine.” Colchis and Media in Plutarch’s list
are likely to be the equivalents of the Scythians and Asia in Pliny’s. Even
so the arithmetic is precarious and depends on including the pirates in
Pliny to make it up to the required fourteen. Other lists are given by
Appian, Mith. 116; Diodorus Siculus 40, 4. The inscribed list of triumphs
Notes to Pages 39–44
345
from the Roman Forum, fragmentary at this point, record only
[Paphla]gonia, Cappadoc(ia), [Alb]ania and the pirates (Degrassi, Inscr.
It. XIII. 1, 84, frag. XXXIX). Recent discussion: Girardet (1991),
Bellemore (2000).
80. Diodorus Siculus 40, 4 quoted in Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Excerpta
4, pp. 405–6 (Boissevain). Venus Victrix: Pais (1920) 256–7. The Greek
East: Vogel-Weidemann (1985). A compilation: Bellemore (2000) 110–8.
81. “Fictional figures”: Scheidel (1996).
82. Dreizehnter (1975) 226–30, though his main point is to try to show that
many are “figures of art,” arranged to make clever number games, and
bear little or no relation to “real” numbers.
83. Brunt (1971) 459–60 is the most judicious, and honest, attempt to move
from the figures for the donative to the number of troops. Economic the-
orizing deploying Plutarch’s estimates of revenue: Duncan-Jones (1990)
43; (1994) 253.
84. Pliny, Nat. 37, 16; Plutarch, Pomp. 45, 3.
85. Hopkins (1980) 109–12.
86. McGowan (2002); Watanabe-O’Kelly (2002).
2 . T H E I M PAC T O F T H E T R I U M PH
1. SHA, Hadrian 6, 1–4; Dio Cassius 69, 2, 3; BMCRE III, Hadrian, no. 47.
Ceremony: Richard (1966). Dating: Kierdorf (1986); Birley (1997) 99–
100; Bennett (1997) 204.
2. Silius Italicus 17, 625–54. The clearest ancient evidence for the triumph in
the fifteenth book of the Annales (which was later extended to eighteen
books) is De Viris Illustribus 52 (with Skutsch [1985] 104 and 553); otherwise the Ennian triumph is a (not implausible) reconstruction from ech-
oes in later poetry. The triumphal aspects of Ennius in generaclass="underline" Hardie
(forthcoming).
3. Statius, Theb. 12, 519–39; Braund (1996) 12–3.
4. Künzl (1988) 19–24; Pfanner (1983) 13–90.
5. Ex manubiis: Augustus, RG 21, 1. Quadriga now lost: Augustus, RG 35, 1; Hickson (1991) 134. Possibly empty: Rich (1998) 115–25; Barchiesi (2002)
22. Bronze foot: Ungaro and Milella (1995) 50, cat. no. 15; La Rocca (1995)
75–6; Tufi (2002) 179–81 (envisaging a different location in the Forum for
the Victory). Heroes of the Republic: Suetonius, Aug. 31, 5 (although the
surviving fragments of sculpture do not obviously bear his description
out: Ungaro and Milella (1995) 52–80, cat. nos. 16–28; Degrassi, Inscr. It.
Notes to Pages 45–52
346
XIII. 3, 1–8). Paintings: Pliny Nat. 35, 27 and 93–4; Servius (auct.), Aen. 1, 294; Daut (1984). Other triumphal associations: Suetonius, Aug. 29, 2;
Velleius Paterculus 2, 39, 2; Spannagel (1999) 79–85. Reconstructions of the
whole iconographic scheme: Zanker (1968); Galinsky (1996) 197–213.
6. History of the site, rams: Murray and Petsas (1989). Triumphal sculpture:
Murray (2004). Function of triumph: Polybius 6, 15, 7–8. A relief sculp-
ture now in Spain, also almost certainly depicting the Actian triumph:
Trunk (2002) 250–4.
7. Arcus triumphalis: Ammianus Marcellinus 21, 16, 15; ILS 2933 = CIL VIII, 7094–8; CIL VIII, 1314 = 14817, 8321, 14728 (all inscriptions from North
Africa); the Arch of Constantine in Rome ( ILS 694 = CIL VI, 1139) uses the term arcus triumphis insignis (“arch noted for its triumphs/of triumphal renown”). Function, history and nomenclature: F. S. Kleiner (1989);