5. Caesius Bassus, De Saturnio Versu (in Keil, Grammatici Latini 6, 265).
6. Ver. 2.1, 57.
7. Livy 41, 28, 8–10.
8. Quoted by Pliny, Nat. 18, 17.
9. Livy 8, 40; Beloch (1926) 86–92; Ridley (1983) 375–8; Oakley (1997) 56–7.
10. The exact date is lost in the inscribed text, but can be deduced from Plu-
tarch, Publ. 9, 5. Richard (1994) 414 argues that the dating to March 1, 509, goes back to the attempts of the early first-century historian Valerius Antias
to associate his own ancestor with Romulus. But whether this specific
type of family loyalty is at issue, or a more general attempt to align the or-
igin of the city and the origin of the Republic (or both), is irrecoverable.
11. The other triumphs on the first of March marked on the surviving por-
tions of the Fasti: 329 bce (two celebrations), 275, 241, 222, 174. The triumph of 222 included Marcus Claudius Marcellus’ dedication of the
spolia opima (matching the tradition of Romulus’ dedication on the same
day). Perceived significance of triumphal anniversaries: Livy 40, 59, 3
(though Livy himself attributes the coincidence of dating to “chance”).
Brennan (1996) 322 discusses evidence for the apparently conscious choice
of significant dates (and anniversaries) for triumphs.
Notes to Pages 78–84
352
12. Livy 7, 15, 9; 9, 24; 10, 10, 1–5. Detailed disussion of the fit between the
Fasti Triumphales and Livy 5–10: Oakley (2005b) 487–9.
13. 504: Livy 2, 16, 6; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ant. 5, 53, 2. 502: Livy 2, 17, 7. 495: Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ant. 6, 30, 2–3. 264: Silius Italicus 6, 660–2, a tradition reflected also in Eutropius 2, 18, 2.
14. Invented not ignored: Oakley (2005a) 343. Omission of Actian triumph:
CIL I, 1, 78 (2nd ed.) and below, pp. 302–4.
15. Three further triumphs in 33 and 28 noted on the Fasti Barberiniani
(where the Fasti Capitolini do not survive) are also otherwise unknown.
16. Polybius 11, 33, 7; Livy 28, 38, 4–5. Appian, Hisp. 38 also notes a triumph, while Valerius Maximus 2, 8, 5 and Dio Cassius 17, frag. 57, 56 refer to the
refusal of a ceremony (though according to Dio he was allowed to sacri-
fice 100 white oxen). There is a lacuna in the inscribed Fasti at this point.
17. Livy 39, 6–7; Florus, Epit. 1, 27 (2, 11, 3).
18. The text from the Forum is deduced from a copy found at Arezzo:
Degrassi, Inscr. It. XIII. 3, 57; 59–60.
19. Degrassi, Inscr. It. XIII. 3, 50–1; LTUR s.v. Fornix Fabianus. The embellishment of the arch is inferred from Cicero, Vat. 28. The family con-
cerned is descended from Paullus through a natural son of his first mar-
riage, adopted into the Fabian family.
20. Velleius Paterculus 1, 9, 3. Coins ( RRC no. 415—minted in 62 bce by L.
Aemilius Lepidus Paullus to highlight his “spurious claim to descent from
L. Aemilius Paullus”) also blazon the slogan TER (“three times”), which
may reflect again a family tradition of three triumphs—or possibly that
he was acclaimed imperator by his victorious troops on three occasions.
Other aspects of the inconsistent evidence: Morgan (1973) 228–9; Ridley
(1983) 375.
21. Though note the disputed 3 or 4 triumphs of Manius Curius Dentatus in
the early third century bce: J. S. Richardson (1975) 54.
22. Beard, North, and Price (1998) 2, 119–24 (Lupercalia); 116–9 (Parilia); 87–
8, 151–2 (Arvals).
23. The broad lines of this reconstruction are based on Ehlers, RE 2. VIIA, 1, 493–511, Hopkins (1978) 26–7 and Champlin (2003b) 210–5, though most
scholars tell the same story.
24. “Un-garbling”: Henderson (2002) 42–8, on the similar process lying be-
hind our reconstructions of the history and procedures of the circus
games.
25. Livy 10, 37, 10–2; the reason for his speed was to forestall opposition.
26. Pliny, Nat. 28, 39. “Slung”: Hopkins (1978) 27; Champlin (2003b) 214
(“large phallos”).
Notes to Pages 84–90
353
27. Stars: Appian, Pun. 66 (though Suetonius refers to golden stars on a cloak worn by Nero at a “triumph” held to commemorate his musical and athletic victories, Nero 25, 1). Development of toga: Festus p. 228L (using
chronological development to account for divergent evidence). Painted
body: Pliny, Nat. 33, 111 (though the face may specifically have been re-
ferred to by Dio, to judge from Tzetzes, Epistulae 107); Servius (auct.),
Ecl. 6, 22; 10, 27; Isidore Orig. 18, 2, 6.
28. Tzetzes, Epistulae 107.
29. Doubts on the tradition of “bell and whip”: Reid (1916) 181, n. 3 (“not
credible, for the earlier time at least”). The “economical” solution:
Champlin (2003b) 214. Versnel (1970) 56 also envisages a chariot laden
with both phallos and bell and whip, but does not speculate on the pre-
cise arrangement.
30. Tertullian, Apologeticus 33; Jerome, Epistulae 39, 2, 8.
31. Arrian, Epict. 3, 24, 85; Philostratus, VS 488; Whitmarsh (2001) 241–2.
Aelian’s story ( VH 8, 15) of Philip of Macedon keeping a slave to remind
him three times a day, “you are a man” may also be a fictionalizing
retrojection from the triumph.
32. Zonaras, Epitome 7, 21; Tzetzes, Epistulae 107; Juvenal, 10, 41–2; Pliny, Nat. 33, 11; 28, 39; Isidore, Orig. 18, 2, 6. Köves-Zulauf (1972) 122–49 starts from Pliny and proposes a different reading of his now corrupt text—but
ends up with an interpretation of the role of the slave not very far differ-
ent from that most of scholars.
33. Triumphal imagery extends more widely through this section of the
Apologeticus, which is concerned with the subordination of the emperor
to the Christian God (see, for example, Apologeticus 30, 2: “Let the em-
peror carry heaven captive in his triumph . . . He cannot.”). Even so,
Barnes (1971) 243–5 convincingly disposes of the argument that Tertullian
can be shown to have witnessed a triumph himself.
34. Kuttner (1995) 143–54; Musso (1987); Agnoli (2002) 222–34.
35. Plaque: Klein (1889) 85 (also Favro [1994] 154). Sarcophagus: Rodenwaldt
(1940) 24–6.
36. Images of Victory: Hölscher (1967) 68–97.
37. Forum of Augustus: above, pp. 43–4. Coin: BMCRE, I, Augustus, no.
432–4 (Spanish aureus and denarii of 17–16 bce) = Fig. 18.
38. RRC no. 367, 402.
39. RRC no. 326 ( = Fig. 19). Exactly what counts as the first “historical” representation of a triumph is of course a moot point, and there is a fuzzy
boundary between representations that appear to show Jupiter with a Vic-
tory in a quadriga (so-called quadrigati types of the third century bce, Notes to Pages 91–97