the Circus Flaminius; though, in fact, none of the three ancient references
cited by Coarelli [1992] 365 to prove that this circus was “certainly” the
starting point says anything of the sort). Circus Maximus: Wiseman
(forthcoming). Nero’s “triumph” in 67, though with a different start and
finish, also took in the Circus Maximus: Suetonius, Nero 25; Dio Cassius
62, 20–1 (with Champlin [2003b] 229–34, J. F. Miller [2000]).
65. Tribunes: Suetonius, Jul. 79, 2. Prisoners: Josephus, BJ 7, 153–4; Cicero, Ver. 2. 5, 77. Summary of debates on Sacra Via: Haselberger (2002) s.v.
Sacra Via.
66. Künzl (1988) 66–7. Aemilius Paullus: Diodorus Siculus 31, 8, 10, from the
Byzantine excerption of Georgius Syncellus (a variant reading might re-
duce the figure to a mere 1500!).
67. Suetonius, Jul. 37.2; Dio Cassius 43, 21, 1 (who refers to the temple in Greek as Tuchaion).
68. Morpurgo (1908) 135–7; Makin (1921) 34–5.
69. Coarelli (1992) 365–6, 384–5.
Notes to Pages 103–113
357
70. Coarelli (1992) 384.
71. Further confirmation of the Velabrum loop is thought to be found in
Livy 27, 37, 11–15 on a religious procession of 207 bce, which traveled
from the Porta Carmentalis down the Vicus Iugarius to the Forum (where
27 maidens performed a dance) then back up the Vicus Tuscus to the
Aventine. But the final destination (on the Aventine) makes this a much
more logical itinerary, not obviously comparable with the triumph.
72. Ammerman (2006) 305–7.
73. Skirting, avoiding: Suetonius, Aug. 98, 2; Cicero, Cael. 51.
74. Wiseman (forthcoming) reaches a similar conclusion, by a different route:
that the word “Velabrum” does not refer to a whole area but to a specific
location near the Forum Boarium.
4 . C A P T I V E S O N PA R A D E
1. Lankheit (1984) 5–7; Baumstark and Büttner (2003) 318–49 (both citing
Pecht [1873] 54–7). The painting is now in the Neue Pinakothek, Munich
(WAF 771); a smaller version is in the Metropolitan Museum, New York
(Inv. 87.2).
2. Campaigns and celebration: Timpe (1968); Seager (2005) 61–74; Levick
(1976) 143–7.
3. Velleius Paterculus 2, 129, 2. Calendar: Fasti Amiternini s.v. 26 May (=
Degrassi, Inscr. It. XIII. 2, 186–7 (a very fragmentary entry in which, if the restorations are correct, the Latin for “was borne,” invectus, was creatively mispelled as invictus, “unconquered.” Coins: RIC I (rev. ed.), Gaius, 57.
One (optimistic) reconstruction sees a fragment of an inscription ( CIL
VI, 906c = 31575c) reading “RECIP” (perhaps part of the Latin for “re-
covered”) as part of an arch commemorating the victory at the west end
of the Forum; LTUR s.v. Arcus Tiberii (Forum).
4. Strabo 7, 1, 4.
5. Tacitus, Ann. 1, 55.
6. Vatinius apud Cicero, Fam. 5, 10a, 3 offers one (not particularly auspicious) precedent.
7. Tacitus, Ann. 2, 41.
8. Ovid, Am. 1, 2, 19–52 (trans. P. Green).
9. Ovid, Am. 1, 9, 1.
10. Dicussion of the poem: Galinsky (1969) 92–5 (pointing to echoes of Vir-
gil’s opening of the third Georgic, with its claims to triumphal status for the poet); F. D. Harvey (1983) (seeing the relationship of Cupid and Au-Notes to Pages 114–119
358
gustus in the context of Augustus’ restriction of the triumph to members
of his own family); McKeown (1987–) 1, 31–59; Buchan (1995) 56–66;
Athanassaki (1992); J. F. Miller (1995); Habinek (2002) 47–9. In the refer-
ence to “Conscience, hands bound behind her, and Modesty” several
writers see a parodic allusion to the painting of Apelles in the Forum of
Augustus (p. 44).
11. Horace, Carm. 1, 37, 29–32 (trans. D. West).
12. Plutarch, Ant. 84; Florus, Epit. 2, 21 (4, 11, 10–11); Dio Cassius 51, 13–4; Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra Act 4, sc. 15; Porphyrio ad Horace, Carm. 1, 37.
13. Pelling (1988) 319.
14. Different options: Pelling (1988) 318–20; Nisbet and Hubbard (1970)
407–11; Whitehorne (1994) 186–202.
15. Appian, Mith 111.
16. Livy 26, 13, 15.
17. SHA, Aurelian 34, 3; Tyranni XXX (Thirty Pretenders) 30, 4–12 and 24–7; Zosimus, 1, 59. Other candidates for taking the option of suicide rather
than (triumphal) captivity might include: the Carthaginian Sophonisba,
who supposedly took poison in 203 bce rather than fall into Roman
hands, although there is no specific mention of plans for a triumph (Livy
30, 15, 1–8; Zonaras, Epitome 9, 13); the Aetolian leader Damocritus, who
is said to have escaped from prison a few nights before the triumph of
Manius Acilius Glabrio in 190 bce and stabbed himself when rearrested
(Livy 37, 46, 5).
18. SHA, Tyranni XXX (Thirty Pretenders) 30, 2 and 19.
19. Plutarch, Aem. 34, 2; Mor. 198b ( Apophthegmata Paulli 7); Cicero, Tusc. 5, 118.
20. Wyke (2002) 240.
21. Brunt (1971) 694–7; Oakley (1998) 189–90; Scheidel (1996).
22. Eutropius 2, 5, 2; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ant. 6, 17, 2; Livy 7, 27, 8–9
(even Livy has doubts here, noting disagreements about whether they
were captured soldiers or slaves—either way, the high figure is hard to rec-
oncile with the demography or economy of early Italy).
23. Livy 45, 42, 2.
24. E.g., Livy 10, 46, 5 refers to 2,533,000 pounds of bronze carried in the tri-
umph of Papirius Cursor in 293 bce, said to have come from the sale of
prisoners.
25. Josephus, BJ 6, 416–9; Appian, Hisp. 98.
Notes to Pages 119–125
359
26. Sardi Venales: Festus p. 428–30L (ascribing this explanation to the second
century bce grammarian, Sinnius Capito); De Viris Illustribus 57. Papus:
Polybius 2, 31, 1–6.
27. This is the implication of Festus p. 430L; the inscription quoted by Livy
(41, 28, 8–10) from the Temple of Mater Matuta in Rome, commemorat-
ing Gracchus’ victory, does refer to booty, but leads with the total of more
than 80,000 enemy killed or captured.
28. Livy 30, 45, 4–5 (though at 45, 39, 7 Livy too refers to his appearance
in the triumph). Livy also offers two different versions of the fate of
Hamilcar: killed in battle (31, 21, 18); taken alive and paraded in triumph
(32, 30, 12; 33, 23, 5).
29. Augustus, RG 4, 3.
30. Livy 45, 39, 7.
31. Anicius Gallus: Livy 45, 43, 6; Velleius Paterculus 1, 9, 5–6. Bituitus:
Florus, Epit. 1, 37 (3, 2, 5). Jugurtha: Plutarch, Mar. 12; Livy, Periochae 67.
Arsinoe etc: Dio Cassius 43, 19, 2–4; Plutarch, Caes. 55; Appian, BC 2, 101; Florus, Epit. 2, 13 (4, 2, 88).