32. Distinguished prisoners: Livy 10, 46, 4; 33, 23, 5; De Viris Illustribus 17, 3.
Scipio’s triumph: Livy 37, 59, 5. Duces ducti: Livy 3, 29, 4; 4, 10, 7.
33. Recording the triumph of Manius Acilius Glabrio in 190.
34. Pliny, Pan. 17; SHA, Lucius Verus 8, 7. See also Persius 6, 43–50.
35. Florus, Epit. 1, 30 (2, 14, 5).
36. Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones 1, 11.
37. SHA, Aurelian 33–4; Tyranni XXX (Thirty Pretenders) 30, 24–6.
38. Vergil, Aen. 8, 722–8. Gurval (1995) 34–6, 242–4; Toll (1997) 45–50;
Östenberg (1999).
39. Velleius Paterculus 2, 121. Dench (2005) 76–80.
40. Lucan 1, 12.
41. Appian, BC 2, 101.
42. “Cover-up”: Poduska (1970); with more nuance, Toll (1997) 48.
43. E.g., Ovid, Am. 1, 2, 30; Tr. 4, 2, 46 (Germania). Pompey’s triumph: Appian, Mith. 117.
44. Literary texts: e.g. Cicero, Pis. 60; Livy 4, 10, 7; 6, 4, 2; Seneca, Ep. 71, 22; Valerius Maximus 4, 1, 8. Inscriptions: in addition to Augustus’ RG 4 (a
text known to us entirely epigraphically), Degrassi, Inscr. It. XIII. 3, no. 17
and 83 (texts derived from the elogium of Marius in the Forum of Augus-
tus, including details of the victory over Jugurtha “led in front of his char-
iot”). Seneca, Dial. 10 (De Brevitate Vitae), 13, 8 half jokes on the familiar Notes to Pages 125–134
360
expression, referring to the “120 . . . elephants” in front of the chariot of
Lucius Caecilius Metellus in 250 bce. Victims behind chariot: Lucan 3,
77–8.
45. Ryberg (1955) 150–4; Rotili (1972) 106–12; Adamo Muscettola (1992);
Rivière (2004) 31–3. Only fragments of other such friezes survive, from
(for example) the Temple of Apollo Sosianus in Rome (Fig. 23) and the
Arch of Titus (Fig. 30).
46. Admitting adjustments for “decorative purposes” (as do Ryberg [1955]
150 and Rivière [2004] 32–3) can obscure the more general ques-
tions of the nature of the documentary realism of sculptures of this
type. So too does the usual claim that this frieze is a version of the par-
ticular occasion of Trajan’s triumph over the Dacians and Germans in
106 ce.
47. Josephus, BJ 7, 153–5.
48. Zonaras, Epitome 7, 21; Cicero, Ver. 2. 5, 77.
49. Rivière (2004) 52–3; Rüpke (1990) 210–1; Bonfante Warren (1974) 580.
50. Pontius: Livy, Periochae 11. Pirate chiefs: Cicero, Ver. 2. 5, 66–7.
Vercingetorix: Dio Cassius 40, 41, 3; 43, 19, 4. Adiatorix and Alexander:
Strabo 12, 3, 6; Dio Cassius 51, 2, 2. Even in these cases it is not entirely
clear whether they were put to death—as Josephus claims was the case for
Simon—during the procession itself, or at some point soon afterwards
and not directly associated with the triumph.
51. Appian, Mith. 117; Dio Cassius 37, 16, 4; 39, 56, 6; 41, 18, 1; Josephus, AJ
14, 79, 92–9, 123–4; BJ 1, 158, 171–3, 183–4.
52. Livy, Periochae 67; Plutarch, Mar. 12. Similar doubts about the fate of Aristonicus (in 126 bce): Velleius Paterculus 2, 4, 1; Eutropius 4, 20 (who
has picked up the idea that although he was killed, he was not displayed
in a triumphal procession).
53. Gentius: Livy 45, 43, 9. Zenobia: SHA, Tyranni XXX (Thirty Pretenders)
30, 27. There are many other examples of captives surviving the proces-
sion, including: King Perseus and his sons in 167 (Plutarch, Aem. 37; Livy 45, 42, 4), Arsinoe in 46 (Dio Cassius 43, 19, 4), Bato in 12 ce (Suetonius,
Tib. 20).
54. Panegyrici Latini 6 (7), 10.
55. Eutropius 10, 3, 3.
56. Simon: Josephus, BJ 7, 153–5. John Chrysostom, In Praise of St. Paul 2, 3.
Also: Silius Italicus 17, 629–30; Seneca, Tr. 150–6; Phoen. 577–8; Horace, Ep. 2, 1, 191; Plutarch, Aem. 33–4; Cicero, Ver. 2. 5, 66.
57. Panegyrici Latini 6 (7) 10; see also Cicero, Cat. 4, 21.
Notes to Pages 135–142
361
58. Quote: Florus, Epit. 1, 38 (3, 3, 10); also Eutropius 5, 1; Orosius, Historia Adversus Paganos 5, 16 (who has him killed on the battlefield).
59. Florus, Epit. 1, 37 (3, 2, 5).
60. SHA, Aurelian 34, 3, Tyranni XXX (Thirty Pretenders) 30, 24–6. Gold chains on Syphax in 201 bce: Silius Italicus 17, 630.
61. Florus, Epit. 1, 37 (3, 2, 5).
62. Dio Cassius 63, 1, 2.
63. Ovid, Tr. 4, 2 (quotes 19–24, trans. A. D. Melville; 27–8); the description of the prisoner is closely related to that of the emperor (47–8; dubbed dux
in l. 44). See Beard (2004) 124.
64. Dio Cassius 43, 19. The form and use of fercula: Abaecherli (1935–6).
65. Plutarch, Aem. 33, 4.
66. Plutarch, Aem. 34, 1.
67. Plutarch, Aem. 35, 1–2; Livy 45, 40, 7–8; Valerius Maximus 5, 10, 2. They differ on the question of whether the younger son did (Valerius
Maximus) or did not (Livy) appear in the triumphal chariot with his fa-
ther before his death. Eutropius 4, 8 has both sons in the chariot—and
does not seem to know of the deaths.
68. Livy 45, 41, 10–11; Plutarch, Aem. 36, 6.
69. Seneca, Ep. 71, 22.
70. Seneca, Dial. 7 (De Vita Beata), 25, 4. The usual translation, “a Socrates”
(that is, a typical sage), conceals the anomaly of The Latin expression.
71. Among a vast literature, seminal contributions include: Brunt (1963);
(1978); (1990) 433–80; Harris (1979) 9–41; Hopkins (1978) 25–8.
72. Dio Cassius 12, 50, 4 (from Byzantine epitome); Florus, Epit. 1, 20 (2, 4).
It is tempting to see a connection here with Horace’s famous phrase about
“captive Greece” making her “savage conqueror captive” (Horace, Ep. 2, 1,
156).
73. Dio Cassius 43, 23, 4 (though it is not explicitly stated that these “prison-
ers” had previously been paraded in the triumph).
74. Plutarch Aem. 37; Zonaras, Epitome 9, 24; Diodorus Siculus 31, 9 (from Byzantine excerptions).
75. Plutarch, Caes. 55; Appian BC 2, 46; Christ (1920) 401–3.
76. Valerius Maximus 6, 2, 3.
77. Suetonius, Jul. 80 (“swanky”: literally “broad-striped” referring to the distinctive senatorial toga).
78. Valerius Maximus, 6, 9, 9 (“prison”/ carcer evokes the threat of execution); Aulus Gellius 15, 4, 4; Velleius Paterculus 2, 65, 3; Pliny, Nat. 7, 135.
79. Ovid, Am. 2, 12, 1–2 and 5–6 (trans. P. Green).
Notes to Pages 143–149