43. Plutarch, Luc. 36, 7.
44. Florus, Epit. 1, 13 (1, 18, 27). Retrojection of opulence: Valerius Maximus 6, 3, 1b (502 and 486 bce); Livy 4, 34 (426); Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
Ant. 6, 17, 2 (499 or 496); though in discussing Romulus’ spoils in 753
Dionysius ( Ant. 2, 34, 3) drives home the moral contrast between the
modesty of early triumphs (as he assumed them to be) and the ostenta-
tious pomp of his own day. Florus, Epit. 1, 18 (2, 2, 30–2) refers to a triumph in 245 bce aborted because all the booty had been lost at sea.
Notes to Pages 164–169
365
45. Livy 31, 49, 3; cf. 40, 38, 9.
46. Cicero, Att. 4, 18, 4; Q. fr. 3, 4, 6; Dio Cassius 37, 47–8; 39, 65; Scholia Bobiensia (Stangl) 149–50.
47. Appian, Mith. 115.
48. Östenberg (2003) 60.
49. Livy 45, 35, 6; Plutarch, Aem. 29, 3. The procedure for plundering de-
feated cities: Ziolkowski (1993), rightly challenging the orderly picture of-
fered by Polybius 10, 15, 4–16, 9 (referring to the sack of New Carthage in
209).
50. Shatzman (1972) and Churchill (1999) represent the two main sides of the
argument, with full references to other contributions.
51. Livy 37, 57, 12–58, 1; Astin (1978) 69–73; Briscoe (1981) 390–2.
52. Gabelmann (1981).
53. Östenberg (2003) 264–6. Itgenshorst (2005) 82–8; 192–3 is more skeptical
of any detailed reconstructions.
54. For variations in the “literary order” of the procession, compare Appian,
Pun. 66 (trumpeters, wagons of spoils, images of cities, pictures of the
war, bullion and coin, golden crowns, sacrificial animals, elephants, pris-
oners) with Livy 39, 5, 13–17 (golden crowns, bullion, coin, statues, cap-
tured weapons, prisoners) or Tacitus, Ann. 2, 41 (spoils, captives, images of mountains, rivers, and battles). Plutarch, Luc. 37, 2 (perhaps the Circus Flaminius held the booty before the parade too).
55. Livy 9, 40, 16; Rawson (1990), suggesting that often such stories were in-
vented, ex post facto, to explain and give a history to spoils on display in the city. Cistophori: Harl (1991); Kleiner and Noe (1977). Triumphs: Livy
37, 46, 3; 37, 59, 4; 38, 58, 4–5; 39, 7, 1.
56. Livy 10, 46, 5.
57. Callixeinos, FGrH 627 F 2 (=Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 5, 197C–203B).
Rice (1983) is a full discussion of the text which energetically searches out
parallels for the objects in the procession and other reasons to believe.
The statue is “one of many historically attested automata” (p. 65); os-
triches are shown pulling “the chariot of Eros” (hardly much of a proof!)
on an imperial gem from Munich and feature in ostrich carts in Califor-
nia and Nevada (p. 90); the wine sack is “of the size, material, and osten-
tation suited to the Grand Procession” (p. 71). The appendix on “the cred-
ibility of Athenaeus and Kallixeinos,” pp. 138–50, by and large gives both
author and excerptor a clean bill of health. More recent discussions of this
text take it similarly as a more or less accurate documentary account:
Stewart (1993) 253–4; Thompson (2000)—though Itgenshorst (2005) 214
Notes to Pages 169–174
366
is more circumspect. My calculations of comparability are based on
Thompson (2000) 370, where she reckons the capacity of the wine sack at
116,340 litres (assuming 38.78 litres = 1 measure/ metreta).
58. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 197D; though this reference is a long way
from proving (as Rice [1983] 171–5 would have it) that Callixeinos’ ac-
count was based on an official record of the occasion.
59. Cicero, Ver. 2. 1, 57.
60. Epigraphical hints at record-keeping: ILLRP 319, commemorating the na-
val triumph of Duilius in 260 bce. Literary precision: Livy 34, 10, 4
(195bce); Livy 39, 5, 15 (187 bce). Documents on Pompey’s booty in 61:
above, pp. 38–40.
61. In detail, the pattern of Livy’s account is complicated. There are similarly
precise figures in his text occasionally before 207 bce (for example, 10, 46,
5 and 14 on the triumphs of 293 bce); books 11–20 are lost; the series of
regular standard notices, with precise figures, starts only in 207 bce (Livy
28, 9, 16–7)—triumphs in any case not having been frequent in the pe-
riod covered by Books 21–27. In its most skeletal form, the standard in-
formation is: sums of coin or bullion put into the treasury, the amount
distributed to the troops; though from 190 bce numbers of gold crowns
are regularly included, as are occasionally numbers of standards captured
or statues. Triumphal notices as part of Livy’s rhetorical purposes: Phillips
(1974).
62. Nature of Servilius’ list: Bradford Churchill (1999) 105–6. New Carthage:
Livy 26, 47. 5–8. Livy 45, 40, 1 cites the earlier writer Valerius Antias as
source for his figures for booty.
63. Diodorus Siculus 31, 8, 10–2 (from the Byzantine excerption of George
Syncellus).
64. Plutarch, Aem. 32–3 (the only exact match with Diodorus is the 120
sacrificial oxen and 400 garlands or gold crowns). Östenberg (2003) 23–4,
27 sees the difference in terms of their different uses and understanding of
their common source, Polybius.
65. Livy 36, 21, 11; 36, 39, 2.
66. Plutarch, Flam. 14; Livy 34, 52, 4–7.
67. Briscoe (1981) 128–9.
68. Briscoe (1981) 252, 254, 278–9.
69. Pompey’s “eight cubit” statue: Plutarch, Luc. 37; above, p. 9.
70. Livy 6, 29, 8–10.
71. Pliny, Nat. 34, 54. The exact location is contested: LTUR s.v. Fortuna Huiusce Diei, Templum and Fortuna Huiusce Diei, Templum (in Palatio).
72. Haskell and Penny (1981) 108–24 (quote p. 111); McClellan (1994) 120–3.
Notes to Pages 174–182
367
73. This is not to say that there was no appreciation of Greek art. Discussion:
Gruen (1992) 84–130.
74. E.g., Livy 45, 33, 1–2; Rüpke (1990) 199–202.
75. Plutarch, Luc. 37, 3; Diodorus Siculus 31, 8, 11–2 (from the excerption of George Syncellus); Livy 34, 52, 5–7.
76. Plutarch, Aem. 32, 3–4; Propertius 2, 1, 34.
77. Trophies (tropaea): Picard (1957). Images: Holliday (2002) 57–60.
78. E.g., Livy 9, 40, 15–7 (shields from the triumph of Papirius Cursor in 309
said to have decorated the Forum); Livy 10, 46, 7–8 (Papirius Cursor ju-
nior decorates the Temple of Quirinus, the Forum, and the temples and
public places of the allies with spolia—probably here in the limited sense
of arms and armor). Columnae rostratae (“beaked columns”) featured a
display of “beaks” (or rams) captured from enemy ships.
79. Livy 38, 43, 10 suggests that the spoils attached to houses might be a more
varied selection than just captured weapons.
80. Livy 24, 21, 9.
81. Pliny, Nat. 34, 43. Livy’s notice of Carvilius’ triumph (10, 46, 13–5) does not refer to this.
82. Plutarch, Mor. 273 C–D ( Quaestiones Romanae 37).
83. Livy 23, 14, 4.
84. Plutarch, CG 15, 1 and 18, 1; Velleius Paterculus 2, 6, 4.