Notes to Pages 254–261
381
97. Plautus, Am. 186–261; above pp. 201–2.
98. Janne (1933); Hermann (1948); Galinsky (1966); P. Harvey (1981); O’Neill
(2003a) 16–21.
99. Dupont (1976); O’Neill (2003a) 7–16.
100. Beard (2003a) 39–43.
8 . T H E B O U N D A R I E S O F T H E R I T UA L
1. Dio Cassius 67, 9.
2. “Autocratic sadism”: Murison (1999) 239–42. Elegant wit or philosophical
fantasy: Waters (1964) 75–6; Dunbabin (1986) 193–5.
3. Either two separate triumphs or a single, joint celebration: Griffin (2000)
63.
4. Plautus, Bac. 1072–4 (the “triumph” and “soldiers” in question are part of an elaborate comic metaphor).
5. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ant. 2, 34, 2; 5, 17, 1–2; Livy 3, 29, 4–5.
6. Lavish celebration: Dio Cassius 43, 42, 1; Suetonius, Jul. 38, 2 (though it is not certain that these “dinners” [prandia] are closely connected with his
triumphs). Triclinia: Plutarch, Caes. 55, 2. Wine: Pliny, Nat. 14, 97. Lampreys: Pliny, Nat. 9, 171.
7. “Greatest occasions”: Purcell (1994) 685. “Capstone”: D’Arms (1998) 35
(the capstone of major public holidays and funerals too, he claims).
8. Polybius 30, 14 (from a Byzantine excerption); Livy 45, 32, 11; Purcell
(1994) 686.
9. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 5, 221f; 4, 153c, with Kidd (1988) 282–3 (a passage which could refer to elite dining only).
10. Varro, RR 3, 2, 16; 3, 5, 8.
11. Plutarch, Luc. 37, 4. The claims that Sulla and Crassus also held mass triumphal banquets depend on interpreting the feasts they offered on dedi-
cating a tenth of their property to the god Hercules (Plutarch, Mor.
267E–F ( = Quaestiones Romanae 18) as simultaneously triumphal cele-
brations (Plutarch, Sull. 35, 1; Crass. 12, 2).
12. Tiberius: Dio Cassius 55, 2, 4. Vespasian and Titus: Josephus, BJ 7, 156.
Domitian: above, n. 1.
13. Livy 39, 46, 2–3.
14. There is a clash here, I suspect, between an ideal of the commensality of
the whole people (as fantasized by Martial of a later victory celebration of
Domitian: “the knights, and the people, and the senators all eat with
you,” 8, 49, 7) and the political reality of hierarchy and separation. Hand-
Notes to Pages 262–268
382
outs for the people (versus feasting for the elite) feature on other occa-
sions in the Empire (e.g., Suetonius, Cal. 17, 2).
15. Appian, Pun. 66; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ant. 5, 17, 2; Dio Cassius 55, 8, 2 (a ladies’ occasion was hosted by Livia elsewhere).
16. Livy 45, 39, 13.
17. Valerius Maximus 2, 8, 6 (quoted); Plutarch, Mor. 283A (= Quaestiones Romanae 80).
18. Scheid (1988).
19. Ludi triumphales: Stern (1953) 82; McCormick (1986) 37–9. Modern writ-
ers (e.g. Klar [2006]) are too eager to use the adjective “triumphal” for
any celebration connected with military victory. The closest suggestion of
earlier “triumphal” games are the “victory games” of L. Anicius in 167
(Polybius 30, 22 quoted by Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 14, 615a–e)—as
the Greek word “epinikioi” could also, but need not, refer to a “trium-
phal” celebration. Tacitus, Ann. 14, 21 implies a connection between tri-
umph and drama, but does not clearly state that the actors performed at
Mummius’ triumph.
20. Dio Cassius 43, 23, 4.
21. Gruen (1990) 93–4; Flower (1995) esp. 181–3; Klar (2006) 168–70.
22. Flower (1995) 184–6. Triumph: Livy 39, 5, 13–7. Games: Livy 39, 5, 7–10;
22, 1–2. Temple: LTUR s.v. Hercules Musarum, aedes.
23. Horace, Ep. 2, 1, 187–93. Spoils: Brink (1982) 431–2. Chariots: above, pp. 53, 125.
24. Pliny, Nat. 15, 125; though, of course, part of the point of emphasizing this as an “exception” is to preserve the general rule that myrtle was worn at
ovations.
25. Aemilius Paullus: Plutarch, Aem. 30, 1–3. Flamininus: Livy 34, 52, 2 (prope triumphantes). Junior officer, Decius Mus: Livy 7, 36, 8 (with Oakley
[1998] 349, who points to further triumphal terminology in Livy’s de-
scription). See also Cicero, Ver. 2. 5, 66; Phil. 14, 12–3 (with Sumi [2005]
174–7); Suetonius, Nero 2, 1; Vit. 10, 2.
26. Josephus, BJ 7, 96; 147; Ando (2000) 256–7.
27. Caesar’s hybrid (which seems to have been in some way connected with
the ceremony of the feriae latinae, held at the Alban Mount): Dio Cassius
44, 4, 3. Octavian and Antony: Dio Cassius 48, 31, 3. Sumi (2005) 196
stresses the use of the ovation rather than the “full triumph” in framing
these political or dynastic celebrations unrelated to military victory in the
strict sense of the word.
28. Dio Cassius 49, 40, 3–4; Plutarch, Ant. 50, 4; Velleius Paterculus 2, 82, 3–
4; Strabo 11, 14, 15.
Notes to Pages 268–274
383
29. Suetonius, Nero 25, 1–2; Dio Cassius 63, 20.
30. Syme (1939) 270 (“hostile propaganda has so far magnified and distorted
these celebrations that accuracy of fact and detail cannot be recovered”);
Huzar (1978) 182–3; Pelling (1988) 241, Woodman (1983) 213–5. It is not,
however, absolutely clear that Velleius’ Dionysiac procession is to be
equated with the “triumphal” ceremony.
31. Dio Cassius 63, 8, 3.
32. Answer: Griffin (1984) 230–1. Insult: Edwards (1994) 90.
33. Merging: Bradley (1978) 148–9, with Vitruvius 9, praef. 1 (Gagé [1955]
660–2 sees it as a parody of both ceremonies). Theater: Champlin
(2003b) 233–4. Nonmilitary achievement: Morford (1985) 2026.
34. J. F. Miller (2000).
35. Tacitus, Ann. 3, 47.
36. Dio Cassius 60, 8, 6 (though Pliny Nat. 5, 11 has a different story: that these campaigns in Mauretania were a bona fide Claudian war).
37. Caligula: Suetonius, Cal. 19; Dio Cassius 59, 17. Nero: Tacitus, Ann. 14, 13, 2–3; Champlin (2003b) 219–21.
38. Tacitus, Ann. 15, 1–18, 24–31; Dio Cassius 62, 19–23; Griffin (1984) 226–7.
39. Tacitus, Ann. 15, 29, 7 (ostentui gentibus); Dio Cassius 63, 1, 2.
40. Suetonius, Nero 13; Dio Cassius 63, 6, 1–2. Champlin (2003b) 221–9.
41. Pliny, Nat. 30, 16; Dio Cassius 62, 23, 4. Griffin (1984) 232–3: “Nero does not appear to have held a triumph, though he dressed up in triumphal
garb”— contra Champlin (2003b) 329, n. 23.
42. The implication of Dio Cassius 48, 16, 1; though it is uncertain from what
date. Contra Weinstock (1971) 107–8, I see no reason to suppose (on the
basis of Polybius 6, 39, 9) that men who had triumphed would have been
entitled to wear their laurel wreaths at the games.