opatra, 143–144
253–256, 290
Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius: tri-
Pliny the Elder: on Pompey’s triumph and
umphs (201 BCE), 42, 120, 150,
monuments, 9–10, 11–12, 35; disap-
Petrarch’s treatment of, 53; contradic-
proval of triumphal luxury 9, 35, 68;
tory accounts of triumph (206 BCE),
on laurel 52, 246, 287–288; on phallos
78, 211; statue in triumphal dress, 211;
83–84, 86; on triumphal slave, 86–87;
fall from favor cast in triumphal
on cinnabar, 231–232
terms, 252–253; banquet following tri-
Polybius: on purpose of triumph, 31, 162;
umph, 262
on succession of empires, 178; on
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus: reflections on tri-
financing of triumph, 203; on elite fu-
umph, 1–2, 50, 138, 286
nerals, 273–274
Silius Italicus, triumphal poetry of, 42, 78
Pomerium (sacred boundary of Rome), 81,
Sleeping Ariadne, statue of, 143–144
92, 100, 201, 202, 204–205, 326
Spolia opima, 63, 74, 292–294; dedication
Pompey the Great (Cnaeus Pompeius
by Aulus Cornelius Cossus, 293; dedi-
Magnus): triumphs (61 BCE), 7–14,
cation by Marcus Claudius Marcellus,
18, 36–41, 118, 130, 145, 162; pearl por-
293; dedication by Romulus, 293; as
trait, 7, 35; three triumphs, 14–15; tri-
invented tradition, 293; tradition of
umphs (80/81 BCE), 15–18; triumphal
dedication by Scipio Aemilianus, 293;
coins, 19–21, 30; Temple of Minerva,
as proto-Roman triumph, 293, 305–
Index
429
306; refused to Marcus Licinius
Trajan, emperor: triumphs posthumously
Crassus, 294
42, 88–89, 91; arch of at Beneventum,
Statius, triumphal poetry of, 43, 140
46–47, 88, 125–128, 167; in triumphal
Strabo: on Germanicus’ triumph (17 CE),
chariot with philosopher 86; imagined
109–110, 167
triumph over Dacian kings, 121–122
Suetonius: etymology of triumphus, 52, 313;
Triumph
on reign of Augustus as “bumper pe-
Ambivalences of, 1–4, 15, 17, 30–31, 34–
riod” for triumphs, 71, 301; on Caesar
35, 135–139, 141–142, 177–178
and the Velabrum, 102–104; on eco-
Arches, 2–3, 45–46, 295–296; of Titus,
nomic consequence of triumph, 161
43–45, 88, 152, 159, 236, 237–238; in
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 15–16
honor of Germanicus, 46; of Trajan at
Supplicatio (thanksgiving): often prelimi-
Beneventum, 46–47, 88, 125–128, 167
nary to triumph, 191, 193, 198, 201,
Art works displayed, 22, 147–151, 159, 174
298; voted to Cicero (50 BCE), 191–
Banquets and feasting, 8, 82, 257–263; af-
194; voted to Bibulus (50 BCE), 194–
ter triumph (62 BCE), 8–9, 261; sup-
195; voted to Marcellus (211 BCE), 206
plies 49, 259–260; “breakfast” at tri-
Syracuse: triumphal weapons in Temple of
umph (71 CE), 94, 258; at triumph (89
Zeus, 176, 177
CE), 257–258; alcoholic beverages, 258;
at early triumphs, 258–259; in late Re-
Tacitus: on triumphal corruption and
public and early Empire, 259–263; as
sham, 109–110, 185, 167, 274
climax of triumph, 260; at Temple of
Tertullian: on triumphal slave 85–88
Hercules, 260–261; for elite, 261–263;
Theseus, triumph of, 43
in Temple of Jupiter Optimus
Thesiger, Wilfred and father: witness “tri-
Maximus, 262; precedence at, 262–
umphal” triumphal celebration (1916),
263; at celebration of Septimius
329–330
Severus (202 CE), 322–323;
Tiberius, emperor: triumph on Boscoreale
Bloodless, 213
cup, 46, 48; awards triumph to
Booty. See Triumph, Spoils
Germanicus (17 CE), 108–110; tri-
Captives, 107–142; suicide of, 4, 13, 38,
umphs (12 CE), 123, 181–182; predicted
114–117; royal, high status 12–13, 119–
triumph, 181; banquets at ovation (9
122, 134–136; exotic, 12–13, 122–124,
BCE) and triumph (7 BCE), 261, 262;
321; execution of 14, 94, 128–132, 140;
turns downs “empty” ovation, 271;
clemency towards 14; Amazons, 43,
grant of triumphal insignia, 300
122–123, 321; wagons for, 53, 124, 126–
Tibullus: on Augustan triumph, 235, 297
128; can upstage general, 110, 135–136,
Tiridates, of Armenia: “triumphal” journey
137–138, 321; Roman projections of,
to Rome, 135
113–117; numbers, 118–119; selection of,
Titus, emperor: arch of 43–45, 88, 152, 159,
118–119, 318; treatment in procession,
236, 237–238; triumphs (71 CE) 43–45,
124–125, 126–128, 133–134; pathos of,
93–96, 99–101, 119, 258; apotheosis,
136–137, 145; becoming Roman, 140–
237–238; banquet following triumph,
141; likened to models/representation,
261; first triumphal “revival,” 328
145–147; fake, 185–186
Index
430
Chariot: form and decoration 13, 222,
229–231; connection with Etruscan
223, 327; drawn by elephants 17, 90,
kings, 227; laurel wreath, 229, 268,
99, 236; phallos beneath, 81, 83–84;
287; and costume of emperor, 275–
bell and whip, 84; ante currum, 124–
277; as ceremonial consular dress,
128, 325; re-use of, 222, 268; uncom-
277–278
fortable, 222–223, 322; shorthand for
Duration, 9, 150
ceremony, 223; drawn by white horses,
Eagerness for ( cupiditas), 197, 214–215,
234–236. See also Triumph, Vestal Vir-
217–218; as mechanism of elite control,
gins
218
Civil war and, 36, 123–124, 145, 303–304
Elephants, 29, 54, 90, 148, 149, 150, 321
Competitive ethos, 13, 33–34, 60, 118, 163,
See also Triumph, Chariot
191, 194–195, 197; as mechanism of
Etymology, 52, 245, 313, 316
elite control, 218; at triumphal ban-
Failure, risk of, 17, 34–35, 110, 145, 248–
quets, 262–26
249, 252–253
Consulship and, 277–280; traditional
Fercula (stretchers, biers), 81, 127, 133,
convergence of triumph and entry
136–137, 145, 159, 167, 176, 325
into consulship, 280; in sixth century
Financing, 195, 203
CE, 320
Frequency, 4, 42, 69–70
Crowns, golden: sent by allies, 21, 125,
Function, 31–32, 45, 52, 92, 204–205, 218,
150, 166–167
246, 332–333
Dates of celebration, 77, 280
Funerals. See Triumph, Death
Death and, 284–286; Pompey’s death and
Games ( ludi) and, 264, 280–284; slave
triumph, 35–36, 286; Trajan’s posthu-
accompanying president of games, 86–
mous triumph, 42, 285; “triumphal”
87, 282–283; possible common origin,
funeral of Augustus, 96, 285;
281–282; triumphal dress of president,
Domitian’s “black” dinner, 257–258,
281, 283; possible late convergence be-
286; death marking the triumph of
tween games and triumph, 284; com-
Aemilius Paullus (167 BCE), 137–138;
mon strand of ribaldry, 284
Arch of Titus, 237–238; common
General, 219–238; children of, 20, 82, 91,
strand of ribaldry/satire in funeral,
224–225; “Victory” behind, 43–44, 88–
284; Philopoemen, death as triumph,
91, 219, 224; and Jupiter, 56, 85, 226–