286
227, 255–256; slave behind, 81–82, 85–
Deification and, 56, 226; in late Republic
92; officers and others accompanying,
and early Empire, 233–238. See also
82, 239–241; red-painted face, 84, 226,
Triumph, General
231–232; runs round the temple, 84; ri-
Disdain for, 215–217
valry with captives 110, 136–138, 321;
Dress, 14, 48, 81, 84, 93–94, 225–230;
and triumphal statuary, 231; rivalry
crown, 30, 48, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89, 229;
with military colleagues, 241, 248; sta-
worn outside triumph 30–31, 228, 230,
tus enhanced by triumph, 251 See also
272–274; toga picta, 81, 84, 225–226,
Triumph, Dress; Triumph, Failure
228, 229; tunica palmata, 81, 228, 229;
Glorification of victory, 3–4
connection with Jupiter, 226–227,
Historical change and development, 6,
Index
431
67–71, 148, 198–199, 289–295; under
position and order, 239–241; final sac-
Augustus, 68–71, 218, 295–305; com-
rifice and dedication, 249–250; at
peting chronologies in, 294–295; late
multi-day triumphs, 250
imperial, 318–328
Origins, 52, 56, 57, 305–318; ascribed to
Image of Roman power and empire, 10,
Romulus, 8, 52, 74, 77, 258, 280, 314;
15, 31–32, 67, 123, 160–161, 162–163
ascribed to Bacchus, 52, 245, 315–318;
Imperial, 287–288, 295–305, 321–322; in
of execution of captives, 129; linked to
political rhetoric, 271, 274; as corona-
commemorative statuary, 231, 306; as-
tion ritual, 296–297
cribed to Etruscans, 232–233, 245,
Infrastructure, 49
306–312; in feasting, 259; in “native”
“Io triumpe”: infants shouting, 49–50;
Roman proto-triumphs, 305–306; as
soldiers’ chant, 82, 245–246; origin of,
discursive category, 312–313; ascribed
245, 306
to Africans, 313
Last triumph, 318–330; discursive cate-
Palm, 26, 66, 155, 250
gory, 326–328
People’s assembly, role in award of, 202–
Laurel, significance of, 50, 52, 92, 246–
203, 204
247; imperial grove, Ad Gallinas, 287–
Phallos. See Triumph, Chariot
288 See also Triumph, Dress
Philosophical reflections on, 1–2, 50, 86,
Laureled letters, 201, 203
138, 286
Luxury, 9, 57–58, 68, 161–162
Placards, 12, 32, 45, 126–127,158,
Memorialization 18–19; on coins, 19–21;
Poetry and, 42–43, 50–52, 111–114, 247,
in building projects, 21–29; in writing,
296
36–37; in drama and display, 263–264
Political impact and conflicts surround-
Mimesis: mimetic games, 13, 181–186,
ing, 196–197, 200
253–256
Procedures for seeking, 199–205; as
Models and paintings, 13, 32, 109–110,
adopted by Cicero, 191–196
124, 143–145, 150, 151–152, 159, 178–180,
Records, archives and documents, 37–39,
325; painting commissioned by
75–76, 169–171, 172; Fasti Triumphales
Manius Valerius Maximus Messala in
61–67, 72–75
senate house (263 BCE), 179, 180; by
Refusal by general, 215–216; under Au-
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus in
gustus, 218, 288, 300–301; See also Tri-
Temple of Mater Matuta (174 BCE),
umph, Disdain
179; by Lucius Hostilius Mancinus
Route, 81, 92–105
(145 BCE), 179, 180
Rules: qualifications and criteria for, 16,
Modest celebrations, 33, 60, 82–83, 118,
52–53, 55–56, 196, 202–203, 203–205;
158, 163–164
flexibility and improvisation in, 205,
Moralizing ancient accounts, 9–10, 11–12,
207–208, 211–212; requirement to
35, 67–68
bring home the army, 206, 208; pos-
Multiple celebrations, 14–15
session of imperium by serving magis-
Music, 221–222
trate, 206, 207, 211, 212; “5000 rule,”
Order and conduct of procession, 81–82,
209–210; requirement to confirm casu-
124–128, 166–167; significance of com-
alties on oath, 210; requirement to add
Index
432
Triumph (continued)
176–178; signaling transfer of power,
to the empire, 211; as applied in
177–178
triumviral and Augustan periods, 297–
Women in, 239
299
Triumph of: Anastasius, emperor (498 CE),
Senatorial debates and decisions on, 199–
327; Anicius Gallus, Lucius (167
200, 201–202, 206, 208–209, 211–214
BCE), 120, 130; Antonius, Lucius (41
Sham triumphs, 109–110, 185–186, 271,
BCE), 201; Appius Claudius Caudex
322
(possibly 264 BCE), 78; Appius Clau-
Slave. See Triumph, General
dius Pulcher (143 BCE), 203–204, 210;
Soldiers: donative to 17–18, 242–244; at
Atratinus, Lucius Sempronius (21
rear of procession in military dress, 82,
BCE), 304; Aurelian, emperor (274
244; may upstage general, 241; invest-
CE), 116, 122–123, 130, 135, 321; Balbus,
ment in triumph, 242; laurel wreaths,
Lucius Cornelius (19 BCE), 61, 68–69,
244, 246–247 See also Triumph, “Io
70; Belisarius (534 CE), 318–321;
triumpe”
Camillus, Marcus Furius (396 BCE),
Songs ( carmina incondita), 8, 82, 247–
234–235; Caracalla, future emperor
249, 255; ribald, 247–248, 327; eulogis-
(202 CE), 322–323; Catulus, Caius
tic, 248
Lutatius (241 BCE), 210–211;
Spoils, 147–153; in triumph (61 BCE), 7–
Cethegus, Publius Cornelius (180
12, 37, 40; surviving krater from 61
BCE), 213; Cincinnatus, Lucius
BCE, 10–11; trees and plants, 11–12,
Quinctius (458 BCE), 258–259; Clau-
162; re-shown on stage, 28; economic
dius, emperor (44 CE), 239, 249;
effects of, 40, 161; in triumph (71 CE),
Constantine, emperor (312 CE), 325;
43–44; lack of, 118; destination of, 148–
Corvus, Marcus Valerius (346 BCE),
149; 152–153; cash and bullion, 150–151,
118; Curius Dentatus, Manius, (290
159, 161, 165, 168, 169; recreated by
and 275 BCE), 67; (275 BCE), 149;
Mantegna, 153–159; organization and
Diocletian and Maximian, emperors
control, 164–167; in triumph (534
(303 CE), 69, 324–325; Domitian, em-
CE), 318–319. See also Triumph, Art
peror (89 CE), 257–258; Duilius, Caius
works displayed; Triumph, Elephants;
(260 BCE), 63; Fabius Maximus,
Triumph, Records, archives and docu-
Quintus (295 BCE), 248; Fabius
ments; Triumph, Weapons of the en-
Maximus, Quintus (120 BCE), 120–
emy
121, 135; Falto, Quintus Valerius (241
Triumphal gate ( porta triumphalis), 81,
BCE), 210–211; Flamininus, Titus
96–100
Quinctius (194 BCE), 150, 171–172,
Triumphator (term not attested before
239; Fulvius Nobilior, Marcus (187
second century CE), 221, 323. See also
BCE), 43, 254, 264; Germanicus
Triumph, General
Caesar (17 CE), 107–110, 224; Glabrio,
Weapons of the enemy: displayed on
Manius Acilius (190 BCE), 166;
general’s house 29–30, 177; in trium-
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (175
phal procession, 147–148, 149, 150–151,