communal land allotment/s
nagáika
Cossack whip
naród
the people
Naródnaia Vólia
People’s Will
NarodovóPtsy
members of People’s Will
óblast’/i
region/s
obshchína
same as
mir
Okhrána
Imperial security police
otrézok
small land allotment
ótrub
land in the commune privately owned
paëk
ration
páshnia
arable land
peredél
repartition of communal land
peredýshka
breathing spell; respite
Pogróm
beating and looting, usually of Jews
polpréd
Soviet diplomatic representative
poméshchik/i
non-peasant landowner/s
pomés’e/ia
fief/s; landed estate/s
pop
Orthodox priest
pravítel’stvo
government
Pravoslávie
Greek Orthodox religion
prodrazvërstka
requisition of farm produce
prómysly
cottage industries
pud
weight measure equal to 16.38 kilograms
Ráda
Ukrainian for “Soviet”
raskól’niki
pejorative for religious dissenters
razgróm
assaults on property
samoderzhávie
autocracy
samoderzhávnyi
autocratic
seló/á
large village/s
sél’skii skhod
village assembly
soiúz
union; association
soslóvie/ia
legal estate/s
sovét/y
council/s
Sovnarkóm
Council of People’s Commissars
ssýlka
penal exile
staroobriádtsy
Old Believers (lit. “Old Ritualists”)
starósta
elected village official
tiáglo
in Muscovy, obligatory state labor
Trudármiia
Labor Army (introduced in 1920)
Trudovík
member of peasant party in Duma
tsentr/y
same as
glavka/i
uézd
lowest administrative entity
ukász
Imperial decree
vlast’
authority; government
vólia
freedom; license
vólost’
smallest rural administrative unit
vótchina
allodium; patrimony
vozhd’
leader
VSNKh
Supreme Council of the National Economy
zakónnost’
legality
Zemgór
Union of Municipal Councils and Zemstva
zemliá
land
zémstvo/a
organ/s of provincial self-government
zhid/ý
pejorative term for Jew/s
CHRONOLOGY
The chronology lists the principal events dealt with in this book. Unless otherwise indicated, dates prior to February 1918 are given according to the Julian calendar (“Old Style”), which was twelve days behind the Western calendar in the nineteenth century and thirteen days behind in the twentieth. From February 1918 on dates are given in the “New Style,” which corresponds to dates in the Western calendar.
1899
February–March: Strike of Russian university students.
July 29: “Temporary Rules” authorizing induction into the armed forces of unruly students.
1900
Government restricts taxation powers of zemstva.
November: Disturbances in Kiev and at other universities.
1901
January 11: Induction into the army of 183 Kievan students.
February: Assassination of Minister of Education Bogolepov. First police-sponsored (Zubatov) trade unions formed.
1902
Winter 1901–2: Formation of Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party (PSR).
June: Liberals publish in Germany, under the editorship of Struve, fortnightly Osvobozhdenie (Liberation).
March: Lenin’s What Is to Be Done?
April 2: Assassination of Interior Minister Sipiagin; he is succeeded by Plehve.
1903
April 4: Kishinev pogrom.
July–August: Second (founding) Congress of Russian Social-Democratic Party: split into Menshevik and Bolshevik factions.
July 20–22: Union of Liberation founded in Switzerland.
1904
January 3–5: Union of Liberation organized in St. Petersburg.
February 4: Plehve authorizes Gapon’s Assembly.
February 8: Japanese attack Port Arthur; beginning of Russo-Japanese War.
July 15: Assassination of Plehve.
August: Russians defeated at Liaoyang.
August 25: Sviatopolk-Mirskii Minister of the Interior.
October 20: Second Congress of Union of Liberation.
November 6-9: Zemstvo Congress in St. Petersburg.
November–December: Union of Liberation organizes nationwide campaign of banquets.
December 7: Nicholas and high officials discuss reform proposals; idea of introducing elected representatives into State Council rejected.
December 12: Publication of edict promising reforms.
December 20: Port Arthur surrenders to the Japanese.
1905
January 7–8: Major industrial strike in St. Petersburg organized by Father Gapon.
January 9: Bloody Sunday.
January 18: Sviatopolk-Mirskii dismissed; replaced by Bulygin.
January 10 ff.: Wave of industrial strikes throughout Russia.
January 18: Government promises convocation of Duma and invites population to submit petitions stating grievances.
February: Government-sponsored elections in St. Petersburg factories.
February: Russians abandon Mukden.
March 18: All institutions of higher learning closed for remainder of academic year.
Apriclass="underline" Second Zemstvo Congress calls for Constituent Assembly.
Spring: 60,000 peasant petitions submitted.
May 8: Union of Unions formed under chairmanship of Miliukov.
May 14: Russian fleet destroyed in battle of Tsushima Strait; D. F. Trepov appointed Deputy Minister of the Interior.
June: Riots and massacres in Odessa; mutiny on the battleship Potemkin.
August 6: Bulygin (consultative) Duma announced.
August 27: Government announces liberal university regulations.
September 5 (NS): Russo-Japanese peace treaty signed at Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
September: Students open university facilities to workers; mass agitation.