September 19: Strike activity resumes.
October 9–10: Witte urges Nicholas to make major political concessions.
October 12–18: Constitutional-Democratic (Kadet) Party formed.
October 13: Central strike committee formed in St. Petersburg, soon renamed St. Petersburg Soviet.
October 14: Capital paralyzed by strikes.
October 15: Witte submits draft of what became October Manifesto.
October 17: Nicholas signs October Manifesto.
October 18 ff.: Anti-Jewish and anti-student pogroms: rural violence begins.
October–November: As Chairman of Council of Ministers, Witte initiates discussions with public figures to have them join cabinet.
November 21: Moscow Soviet formed.
November 24: Preliminary censorship of periodicals abolished.
December 6: St. Petersburg Soviet orders general strike.
December 8: Armed uprising in Moscow suppressed by force.
1906
March 4: Laws issued guaranteeing the rights of assembly and association.
April 16: Witte resigns as Chairman of Council of Ministers, replaced by Goremykin.
April 26: New Fundamental Laws (constitution) made public; Stolypin Minister of the Interior.
April 27: Duma opens.
July 8: Duma dissolved; Stolypin appointed Chairman of Council of Ministers.
August 12: Attempt by Socialist-Revolutionary Maximalists on Stolypin’s life.
August 12 and 27: Stolypin’s first agrarian reforms.
August 19: Courts-martial for civilians introduced.
November 9: Stolypin’s reform concerning communal landholding.
1907
February 20: Second Duma opens.
March: Stolypin announces reform program.
June 2: Second Duma dissolved; new electoral law.
November 7: Third Duma opens; in session until 1912.
1911
January–March: Western zemstvo crisis.
September 1: Stolypin shot; dies four days later; replaced by Kokovtsov.
1912
November 15: Fourth (and last) Duma opens.
Conclusive split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
1914
January 20: Goremykin Chairman of Council of Ministers.
July 15/28: Nicholas orders partial mobilization.
July 17/30: Full Russian mobilization.
July 18/31: German ultimatum to Russia.
Julv 19/August 1: Germany declares war on Russia.
July 27: Russia suspends convertibility of ruble.
August: Russian armies invade East Prussia and Austrian Galicia.
Late August: Russian armies crushed in East Prussia.
September 3: Russians capture Lemberg (Lwow), capital of Austrian Galicia.
1915
April 15/28: Germans launch offensive operations in Poland.
June 11: Sukhomlinov dismissed as Minister of War; replaced by Polivanov.
June: Further cabinet changes.
June–July: Formation of Progressive Bloc.
July: Special Council of Defense of the Country created; other councils and committees follow to help with war effort, including Military-Industrial Committees.
July 9/22: Russians begin withdrawal from Poland.
July 19: Duma reconvened for six weeks; Russian troops evacuate Warsaw.
August 21: Most ministers request Nicholas to let Duma form cabinet.
August 22: Nicholas assumes personal command of Russian armed forces, departs for headquarters at Mogilev.
August 25: Progressive Bloc makes public nine-point program.
August: Government authorizes creation of national zemstvo and Municipal Council organizations.
September 3: Duma prorogued.
September: Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists.
November: Central Workers’ Group formed.
November: Zemgor created.
1916
January 20: Goremykin replaced as Chairman of Council of Ministers by Stürmer (Shtiurmer).
March 13: Polivanov dismissed as Minister of War; replaced by Shuvaev.
Apriclass="underline" Kiental conference of anti-war socialists.
May 22/June 4: Brusilov offensive opens.
September 18: Protopopov Acting Minister of the Interior; promoted to Minister of the Interior in December.
October 22–24: Conference of Kadet Party decides on strategy of confrontation at forthcoming Duma session.
November 1: Duma reconvenes; Miliukov address implies treason in high places.
November 8–10: Dismissal of Stürmer.
November 19: A. F. Trepov, appointed Chairman of Council of Ministers, appeals to Duma for cooperation.
December 17: Murder of Rasputin.
December 18: Nicholas leaves Mogilev for Tsarskoe Selo.
December 27: Trepov dismissed, replaced by Golitsyn.
1917
January 27: Protopopov arrests Workers’ Group.
February 14: Duma reconvened.
February 22: Nicholas departs for Mogilev.
February 23: Demonstrations in Petrograd in connection with International Women’s Day.
February 24: More demonstrations in Petrograd.
February 25: Demonstrations turn violent; Nicholas orders them suppressed by force.
February 26: Petrograd under military occupation; unit of Volynskii Regiment fires on crowd, killing forty; company of Pavlovskii Regiment mutinies in protest.
Night of February 26–27: Pavlovskii Regiment troops hold all-night meeting, vote to disobey orders to fire on civilians.
February 27: Most of Petrograd in the hands of mutinous garrison; burning of government buildings; Nicholas orders General Ivanov to proceed to Petrograd with special troops to quell disorders; Mensheviks call for elections to Soviet; in the evening, organizing meeting of Petrograd Soviet.
February 28: Early morning, Nicholas departs for Tsarskoe Selo; Duma Council of Elders meets, forms Provisional Committee; throughout Petrograd, factory and garrison units elect representatives to the Soviet; first plenary session of Soviet. Disturbances spread to Moscow.
Night of February 28–March 1: Imperial train stopped, diverted to Pskov.
March 1: Ispolkom drafts nine-point program to serve as basis of agreement with Duma Provisional Committee; issues Order No. 1. In the evening, Nicholas arrives in Pskov, agrees on urging of General Alekseev to formation of Duma ministry and orders General Ivanov to abort his mission. Formation of Moscow Soviet.
Night of March 1–2: Duma and Soviet representatives reach agreement on basis of eight-point program. In Mogilev, General Ruzskii has telegraphic conversation with Duma chairman, Rodzianko.
March 2: Provisional Government formed under chairmanship of G. E. Lvov; Alekseev communicates with front commanders; Nicholas agrees to abdicate in favor of son; Shulgin and Guchkov depart for Pskov; Nicholas talks with Court physician about Tsarevich, tells Shulgin and Guchkov he has decided to abdicate in favor of brother Michael, signs abdication manifesto. Ukrainian Rada (Soviet) formed in Kiev.
March 3: Provisional Government meets with Michael, persuades him to reject crown.
March 4: Nicholas’s abdication manifesto and Michael’s renunciation of throne made public. Provisional Government abolishes Police Department.
March 5: Provisional Government dismisses all governors and their deputies.
March 7: Ispolkom forms “Contact Commission” to oversee Provisional Government.
March 8: Nicholas bids farewell to army officers, departs for Tsarskoe Selo under arrest.
March 9: United States recognizes Provisional Government.
March 18: Ispolkom rules that every socialist party is entitled to three representatives.
March 22: Miliukov defines Russia’s war aims.
March 25: Provisional Government introduces state monopoly on grain trade.
Late March: Britain withdraws offer to grant Imperial family asylum.
April 3: Lenin arrives in Petrograd.
April 4: Lenin’s “April Theses.”
April 21: First Bolshevik demonstrations in Petrograd and Moscow.
April 26: Provisional Government concedes its inability to maintain order.