90. Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia, 91–92.
91. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 551.
92. Galai, Liberation Movement, 259; Sanders, Union of Unions, 1030–46.
93. RV, No. 232 (August 27, 1905), 1.
94. J. D. Morison in F.-X. Coquin and C. Gervais-Francelle, eds., 1905: La Première Révolution Russe (Paris, 1986), 68–69; Ascher, Revolution, 201.
95. Ascher, Revolution, 198.
96. Iskra, No. 107 (July 29, 1905), 1; emphasis supplied.
97. Trubetskoi in Melnik, Russen, 16–17.
98. Kassow, The Russian University, 381–83; Morison in Coquin and Gervais-Francelle, 1905, 68–69; V. Voitinskii, Gody pobed i porazhenii, I (Berlin, 1923), 57–63.
99. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 544, 626–27.
100. Ascher, Revolution, 211; Oskar Anweiler, The Soviets (New York, 1974), 43; IZ, No. 11 (1941), 3–5.
101. Kassow, The Russian University, 386.
102. KA, No. 11–12 (1925), 55–56.
103. N. D. Obolenskii in Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 26.
104. A. L. Sidorov, ed., Vysshyi pod”ëm revoliutsii 1905–1907 gg.: vooruzhonnoe vosstanie, noiabr’–dekabr’ 1905 goda, I (Moscow, 1955), 47.
105. N. I. Sidorov, ed., 1905 god v Peterburge, II (Leningrad, 1925), 101–2.
106. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 173.
107. P. N. Miliukov, Vospominaniia, 1859–1917, II (New York, 1955), 342–43.
108. Schwarz, Russian Revolution, 333; L. Geller and N. Rovenskaia, eds., Peterburgskii i Moskovskii Sovety Rabochikh Deputatov 1905 g. (v dokumentakh) (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 9.
109. Anweiler, Soviets, 45.
110. Ibid., 45.
111. Sidorov, 1905 god, II, 102.
112. Voitinskii, Gody pobed, I, 93–94; IZ, No. 11 (1941), 7.
113. Geller and Rovenskaia, Peterburgskii i Moskovskii Sovety, 11.
114. Ascher, Revolution, 223.
115. See below, Chap. 8.
116. Sidorov, 1905 god, II, 5.
117. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 14–15.
118. Ibid.
119. A. S. Alekseev in Iuridicheskii vestnik, XI/III (1915), 39.
120. Byloe, No. 14 (1919), 109.
121. Ibid., 110–11.
122. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 17, 41–42.
123. Savich, Novyi gosudarstvennyi stroi, 25–27.
124. Geller and Rovenskaia, Peterburgskii i Moskovskii Sovety, 29–31.
125. M. Szeftel, The Russian Constitution of April 23, 1906 (Brussels, 1976), 33–35.
126. KA, No.3/22 (1927), 168.
127. Ascher, Revolution, 229.
128. Verner, Nicholas II, 434.
129. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 68–69.
130. Verner, Nicholas II, 438.
131. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 68, no.
132. Verner, Nicholas II, 438–40.
133. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 187.
134. Ascher, Revolution, 253–62. On this, see further A. Linden, ed., Die Judenpogrome in Russland (Köln-Leipzig, 1910).
135. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 85–88.
136. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 169.
137. See Agrarnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v 1905–1906 gg., 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1908), passim.
138. Roberta T. Manning, The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government (Princeton, N.J., 1982), 155–57.
139. Agrarnoe dvizhenie, II, 30.
140. Manning, Crisis, 142.
141. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 173–74.
142. Anweiler, Soviets, 59–60.
143. On him, see below, Chap. 9.
144. Anweiler, Soviets, 60; Ascher, Revolution, 301.
145. Ascher, Revolution, 108.
146. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III, 218–51.
Chapter 2
1. Jules Legras, Au Pays Russe (Paris, 1895), 356.
2. A. D. Gradovskii, Sobranie sochinenii, 2nd ed., VII (St. Petersburg, 1907), 1–2.
3. See V. O. Kliuchevskii, Skazaniia inostrantsev o Moskovskom gosudarstve (Moscow, 1918), and Karl H. Ruffman, Das Russlandbild im England Shakespeares (Göttingen, 1952).
4. A. Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians, II (New York-London, 1898), 10.
5. Dnevnik Gosudarstvennogo Sekretariia A. A. Polovtsova, II (Moscow, 1966), 70.
6. S. Iu. Vitte, Samoderzhavie i zemstvo, 2nd ed. (Stuttgart, 1903), 206, citing Mackenzie Wallace.
7. S. S. Oldenburg, Tsarstvovanie Imperatora Nikolaia II, I (Belgrade, 1939), 41.
8. See above, p. 27.
9. Dnevnik V. N. Lamzdorfa (1886–1890) (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 140.
10. Ibid., 249–51.
11. S. Iu. Vitte, Vospominaniia, I (Moscow, 1960), 434–35; Andrew M. Verner, Nicholas II and the Role of the Autocrat during the First Russian Revolution, 1904–1907, Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1986, 103.
12. KA, No.3/46 (1931), 10.
13. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 585–86.
14. V. Burtsev, Za sto let, I (London, 1897), 264.
15. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 266–67.
16. Cited by V. Kantorovich in Byloe, No. 22 (1923), 208–9.
17. Ibid., 206.
18. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 328.
19. Ibid., 474.
20. Kantorovich in Byloe, No. 22 (1923), 228.
21. Hans-Joachim Torke in Forschungen, XIII (1967), 227, 257.
22. N. M. Korkunov, Russkoe gosudarstvennoe pravo, 2nd ed., II (St. Petersburg, 1897), 552; Brogkauz & Efron, XXX, 441–42.
23. T. Taranovsky in Canadian Slavonic Papers, XXVI, No. 2–3 (1984), 213–14.
24. Ibid., 212–13.
25. Theodore Taranovsky, The Politics of Counter-Reform: Autocracy and Bureaucracy in the Reign of Alexander III, 1881–1894, Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1976.
26. Leroy-Beaulieu, Empire of the Tsars, II, 93–94.
27. V. A. Evreinov, Grazhdanskoe sudoproizvodstvo v Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1887), 39–41, 54; Torke in Forschungen, 14, 56.
28. P. A. Zaionchkovskii, Pravitel’stvennyi apparat samoderzhavnoi Rossii v XIX v. (Moscow, 1978), 90.
29. Ibid., 95–96.
30. N. A. Maklakov in Padenie, V, 207.
31. Leroy-Beaulieu, Empire of the Tsars, II, 82–83.
32. Ibid., 79.
33. MG, No. 10 (1908), 29–30.
34. M. N. Nikonov cited in Dnevnik Lamzdorfa, 135.