35. Pierre Dolgoroukov [Dolgorukov], La Vérité sur la Russie (Paris, 1860), 16.
36. Bernard Pares, Russia and Reform (London, 1907), 154.
37. See S. Frederick Starr, Decentralization and Self-Government in Russia, 1830–1870 (Princeton, N.J., 1972).
38. Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (London-New York, 1974), 281.
39. Robert E. Jones, The Emancipation of the Russian Nobility, 1762–1785 (Princeton, N.J., 1973), 182.
40. N. A. Rubakin cited in Neil B. Weissman, Reform in Tsarist Russia (New Brunswick, N.J., 1981), 11.
41. S. E. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, (Berlin, [1938]), 98–99.
42. Walter M. Pintner in SR, XXIX, No. 3 (1970), 432.
43. F. I. Dan, Proiskhozhdenie Bol’shevizma (New York, 1946), 443–44.
44. Taranovsky, Politics of Counter-Reform, 227.
45. Zapiski Aleksandra Ivanovicha Kosheleva (1812–1883 gody) (Berlin, 1884), 31–32.
46. Ministerstvo Vnutrennykh Del, Istoricheskii ocherk (St. Petersburg, 1901), 48–49.
47. KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 169.
48. Hans Rogger in SR, No. 4 (1966), 626.
49. Dnevnik P. A. Valueva, I (Moscow, 1961), 100, entry dated April 14, 1861.
50. Taranovsky, Politics of Counter-Reform, 234.
51. Cited in Zaionchkovskii, Rossiiskoe samoderzhavie, 237.
52. They are described in Pipes, Russia, 305–7.
53. Memorandum of October 30, 1885, cited in Zaionchkovskii, Rossiiskoe samoderzhavie, 236–39.
54. It is the subject of Daniel T. Orlovsky’s The Limits of Reform: The Ministry of Internal Affairs in Imperial Russia, 1802–1881 (Cambridge, Mass., 1981).
55. P. A. Zaionchkovskii, Krizis samoderzhaviia na rubezhe 1870–1880kh godov (Moscow, 1964), 395–96.
56. Weissman, Reform, 48.
57. Ibid., 62.
58. P. P. Zavarzin, Rabota tainoi politsii (Paris, 1924), 11–13.
59. Brogkauz & Efron, XXXVII, 357.
60. Geoffrey Drage, Russian Affairs (London, 1904), 243.
61. Theodore H. Von Laue, Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia (London-New York, 1963), 34–35.
62. Ibid., 180.
63. Leo Pasvolsky and Harold G. Moulton, Russian Debts and Russian Reconstruction (New York, 1924), 16.
64. Ibid., 1; John P. McKay, Pioneers for Profit (Chicago, 1970), 380.
65. McKay, Pioneers, 37.
66. P. B. Ol, Inostrannye kapitaly v Rossii (Petrograd, 1922), 8–9.
67. Von Laue, Sergei Witte, 274–75.
68. Edward C. Kirkland, A History of American Economic Life, 3rd ed. (New York, 1951), 541.
69. Rolf Wagenfuhr in Viertelsjahreshefte zur Konjunkturforschung, Sonderheft 31 (Berlin, 1933), 18.
70. P. A. Khromov, Ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossii v XIX-XX vekakh (Moscow, 1950), 452–54, 459, 462.
71. Vitte, Vospominaniia, II, 380.
72. P. A. Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie i russkaia armiia na rubezhe XIX-XX stoletii (Moscow, 1973). 31.
73. Hans-Peter Stein in Forschungen, XIII (1967), 468. The text of the military oath is in Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov, 3rd ed., XIV (St. Petersburg, 1894), No. 11, 014.
74. Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie i russkaia armiia, 119, 197–99.
75. A. I. Denikin, Staraia armiia (Paris, 1929), 7.
76. Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie i russkaia armiia, 212.
77. Ibid., 221–23.
78. Matitiahu Mayzel in Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, XVI, No. 3/4 (1975), 297–321.
79. Denikin, Staraia armiia, 13.
80. A. I. Denikin, Put’ russkogo ofitsera (New York, 1953), 121–22.
81. Stein in Forschungen, 474–79.
82. On this group see Pipes, Russia, Chap. 7.
83. Ibid., 178–79.
84. Rostislav Fadeev, Russkoe obshchestvo v nastoiaschem i budushchem (chem nam byt’?) (St. Petersburg, 1874); A. D. Pazukhin in R V, No. 175 (January, 1885), 5–58; A. I. Elishev (A. I. Bukeevskii), Dvorianskoe delo (Moscow, 1898).
85. Roberta T. Manning, The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government (Princeton, N.J., 1982), passim.
86. Vitte, Samoderzhavie i zemstvo, 168.
87. Petergofskoe soveshchanie o proekte Gosudartvennoi Dumy (Berlin, n.d.), 149–50.
88. Manning, Crisis, 32–33.
89. Seymour Becker, Nobility and Privilege in Late Imperial Russia (De Kalb, 111., 1985), 28.
90. Ivan Ozerov in Josef Melnik, Russen über Russland (Frankfurt, 1906), 214.
91. A. M. Anfimov and I. F. Makarov in ISSSR, No. 1 (1974), 85.
92. Leroy-Beaulieu, Empire of the Tsars, III, 512–13.
93. Ibid., 182–83.
94. On this subject, see John S. Curtiss, Church and State in Russia (New York, 1972), Chap. 3.
95. Ibid., 130.
96. Ibid., 182–83.
97. Ibid., 339–40.
98. Leroy-Beaulieu, Empire of the Tsars, II, 91.
Chapter 3
1. Theodore Shanin, The Awkward Class (Oxford, 1972), 64–68, 90–91. Cf. Stepniak [S. M. Kravchinskii], The Russian Peasantry (New York, 1888), 169.
2. N. A. Troinitskii, ed., Pervaia Vseobshchaia Perepis’ Naseleniia Rossiiskoi Imperii 1897 g.: Obshchii Svod, I (St. Petersburg, 1905), 16.
3. Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 79, 81.
4. Jack Goody et al., eds., Family and Inheritance (Cambridge, 1976), 1.
5. Tadashi Fukutake, Asian Rural Society: China, India, Japan (Seattle-London, 1967), 4, 24.
6. P. N. Pershin, Zemel’noe ustroistvo dorevoliutsionnoi derevni, I (Moscow-Voronezh, 1928), 148–49.
7. Brogkauz & Efron, XXIX, 384.
8. S. M. Dubrovskii, Stolypinskaia zemel’naia reforma (Moscow, 1963), 189, 191.
9. V. A. Aleksandrov, Sel’skaia obshchina v Rossii (Moscow, 1976), 178–86, 314–15.
10. N. P. Oganovskii and A. V. Chaianov, eds., Statisticheskii spravochnikpo agrarnomu voprosu, Vyp. I (Moscow, 1917), Table III, 10–11.
11. Brogkauz & Efron, XXIX, 382–83.
12. N. Rosnitskii, Litso derevni (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 16–18.
13. A. S. Ermolov, Nash zemel’nyi vopros (St. Petersburg, 1906), 66.
14. Ibid., 72–75.
15. S. I. Bruk and V. M. Kabuzan in ISSSR, No. 3 (1980), 83–84.
16. Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 147–48.
17. P. A. Khromov, Ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossii v XIX-XX vekakh (Moscow, 1950), 439; P. I. Liashchenko, Istoriia narodnogo khoziaistva SSSR, II (Moscow, 1952), 163.