18. A. M. Anfimov, Zemel’naia arenda v Rossii v nachale XX veka (Moscow, 1961), 15.
19. A. G. Rashin, Naselenie Rossii za 100 let (1811–1913 gg.) (Moscow, 1956), 125, 129.
20. Joseph Bradley in Russian History, VI, Pt. 1 (1979), 22.
21. Rashin, Naselenie Rossii, 135–36.
22. Harold Frederic, The New Exodus (New York-London, 1892), 50.
23. James Y. Simms, Jr., in SR, XXXVI, No. 3 (1977), 377–98.
24. Ibid., 385.
25. See above, note 13.
26. Rashin, Naselenie Rossii, 208.
27. G. von Schulze-Gävernitz, Volkswirtschaftliche Studien aus Russland (Leipzig, 1899), 146–65.
28. Ibid., 131.
29. See my Social-Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement (Cambridge, Mass., 1963).
30. A notable exception is an article by C. Zajtzeff [K. Zaitsev] in Jahrbücher für Kultur und Geschichte der Slaven, Neue Folge, X, No. 3/4 (1934), 421–53.
31. The most important literary depictions of the Russian peasant are: A. N. Engelgardt, Iz derevni; Chekhov’s short stories; Ivan Bunin, The Village (Derevnia); and Maxim Gorky’s O russkom krest’ianstve.
32. Notably S. V. Pakhman’s, Obychnoe grazhdanskoe pravo v Rossii, 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1877–79), and Alexandra Efimenko’s Issledovaniia narodnoi zhizni, I: Obychnoe pravo (Moscow, 1884).
33. M. Ia. Fenomenov, Sovremennaia derevnia, II (Leningrad-Moscow, 1925), 95.
34. “Christianity and Patriotism” in Complete Works, Leo Wiener, tr., XX (Boston, 1905), 419–20.
35. A. I. Denikin, Staraia armiia (Paris, 1929), 50.
36. Ibid., 50–51.
37. KA, No. 1/8 (1925), 53.
38. Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 229–30.
39. Cited by Jeffrey Brooks in Wm. M. Todd III, ed., Literature and Society in Imperial Russia (Stanford, Calif., 1978), 124.
40. I wan Oserov [Ozerov] in Josef Melnik, Russen über Russland (Frankfurt, 1906), 215; John S. Curtiss, Church and State in Russia (New York, 1972), 182–83.
41. Jeffrey Brooks in T. Emmons and W. S. Vucinich, eds., Zemstvo in Russia (Cambridge, 1982), 243–44; Ben Eklof in Journal of Social History, XIV, No. 3 (1981), 366.
42. Dietrich Geyer, Der Russische Imperialismus (Göttingen, 1977), 53–54.ss
43. Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 144.
44. A. Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians, II (New York-London, 1898), 7.
45. K. Zaitsev, I. A. Bunin (Berlin, [1933]), 101–2.
46. “Vlasl’ zemli,” in Gleb Uspenskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, VIII (Moscow, 1949), 25.
47. E.g., Efimenko, Issledovaniia, I, 136–38.
48. Bohdan Kistiakovskii in Vekhi (Moscow, 1909), 143.
49. Efimenko, Issledovaniia, I, 174–75.
50. Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 86.
51. A. N. Engelgardt, Iz derevni (Moscow, 1987), 430–31.
52. G. B. Sliozberg, Dela minuvshikh dnei, II (Paris, 1933), 248–49.
53. Zajtseff in Jahrbücher für Kultur, 444–45.
54. Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 6. The identical point is made by A. Vasilchikov in Zemlevladenie i zemledelie v Rossii idrugikh evropeiskikh gosudarstvakh, I (St. Petersburg, 1876), 297–98.
55. Efimenko, Issledovaniia, I, 143–45.
56. Zajtseff in Jahrbücher für Kultur, 440–41; Fenomenov, Sovremennaia derevniia, 93.
57. K. V. Chistov, Russkie narodnye sotsial’no-utopicheskie legendy (Moscow, 1967).
58. Engelgardt, Iz derevni, 540–41.
59. Ibid, 534; cf. Efimenko, Issledovaniia, I, 141.
60. Efimenko, Issledovaniia, 141–42.
61. Lev Tolstoi, “Zapisnaia knizhka” (1865), in his Polnoe Sobrame Sochinenii, XLVIII (Moscow, 1952), 85.
62. Zajtseff in Jahrbücher für Kultur, 422.
63. Engelgardt, Iz derevni, 540, 542.
64. Cited in Leroy-Beaulieu, Empire of the Tsars, II, 115.
65. Zajtseff in Jahrbücher für Kultur, 436–37.
66. Jeffrey Brooks in Todd, Literature and Society, 97–150.
67. Ibid., 149–50.
68. J. C. Carothers in Psychiatry, XXI (1959), 317–18.
69. Eklof in Journal of Social History, 376.
70. Rus’, No. 191 (August 17/30, 1905), 2.
Chapter 4
1. Jacques Ellul, Autopsie de la Révolution (Paris, 1969), 56. Albert Camus draws a similar distinction in The Rebel.
2. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 3rd ed. (New York, 1950), 145.
3. Ferdinand Tönnies, Community and Society (East Lansing, Mich., 1957), 42–43.
4. Vilfredo Pareto, The Mind and Society (New York, 1935), No. 2,034 and No. 2,044n.
5. Etienne Gilson and Thomas Langan, Modern Philosophy (New York, 1963), 43.
6. On this see Ernst Cassirer, Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Berlin, 1911).
7. Albert Keim, Helvétius, Sa Vie et Son Oeuvre (Paris, 1907), 316n., 336; also Ian Cumming, Helvétius (London, 1955), 17.
8. Cited in Keim, Helvétius. 246.
9. Ibid., 268.
10. C. A. Helvétius, De l’Esprit, or Essays on the Mind (London, 1810), 184, Essay II, Chap. 25.
11. Ibid., 187.
12. Ibid., 489, Essay IV, Chap. 17; cf. Mordecai Grossman, The Philosophy of Helvétius (New York, 1926), 74.
13. Elie Halévy, La Jeunesse de Bentham (Paris, 1901), cited in Grossman, Helvétius, 168.
14. Alfred Cobban and Robert A. Smith, eds., The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, VI (Cambridge, 1967), 47.
15. Elie Halévy, The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism (Boston, 1960), 20.
16. The Old Regime and the French Revolution, Pt. 3, Chap. 1.
17. A. Cochin, Les Sociétés de Pensée et la Démocratie (Paris, 1921), 5–6.
18. Ibid., 9–10, 15.
19. Maia Kaganskaia in 22 (Jerusalem), No. 59 (1988), 118; Christian Saves, La Signification de la Surenchère Linguistique dans la Phraséologie Bolchevique, Thèse pour le Doctorat, Université des Sciences Sociales, Toulouse I, 1986.
20. Karl Griewank, Der neuzeitliche Revolutsionsbegriff (Weimar, 1955), 14, 22, 24, 30.
21. Augustin Cochin, La Crise de VHistoire Révolutionnaire (Paris, 1909), 3.
22. A. Aulard, The French Revolution, III (New York, 1910), 86.
23. Cited in F. Furet, Penser la Révolution Française (Paris, 1983), 211m.
24. See the complaints of Bertrand de Jouvenel, Raymond Aron, and Karl Mannheim in George B. de Huszar, The Intellectuals (Glencoe, Ill., 1960), 3.