25. Schumpeter, Capitalism, 148–49.
26. Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals (Garden City, N.Y., 1957), 203–4.
27. Cited in Huszar, Intellectuals, 367.
28. M. Bakunin “Gosudarstvennost’ i anarkhiia,” in Artur Lehning, ed., Archives Bakounine, III (Leiden, 1967), 150.
29. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Holy Family (Moscow, 1956), 174–76.
30. Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, I (Oxford, 1978), 143–44.
31. Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, Les Doctrines de Haine (Paris, [1902]), 8–9, 34–35.
32. L. Trotskii, Literatura i revoliutsiia, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1924), 192–94.
33. Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians, II (New York-London, 1898), 67.
34. On this group, see N. M. Pirumova, Zemskaia intelligentsiia i eë rol’ v obshchestvennoi bor’be (Moscow, 1986).
35. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Right (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 79.
36. Jules Legras, Au Pays Russe (Paris, 1895), 356–57.
37. O. V. Aptekman, Obshchestvo “Zemlia i Volia” 70-kh godov (Petrograd, 1924), 145.
38. Lev Tikhomirov, Pochemu ia perestal byt’ revoliutsionerom (Moscow, 1895), 34–35.
39. Program of the People’s Will (1879), in S. S. Volk, ed., Revoliutsionnoe narodnichestvo 70-kh godov XIX veka, II (Moscow-Leningrad, 1965), 173.
40. K. Marks, F. Engel’s i revoliutsionnaia Rossiia (Moscow, 1967), 78–79.
41. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 50–51.
42. For its history, see Manfred Hildermeier, Die Sozialrevolutionäre Partei Russlands (Cologne-Vienna, 1978).
43. Ibid., 61–62.
44. Ibid., 65.
45. Protokoly pervogo s”ezda Partii Sotsialistov-Revoliutsionerov (Moscow, 1906), 360.
46. A. N. Spiridovich, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii, II (Petrograd, 1916), 311–12; Hildermeier, Sozialrevolutionäre Partei, 136.
47. Cited in Hildermeier, Sozialrevolutionäre Partei, 112.
48. Ibid., 117.
49. On the SRs: Maureen Perrie in SS, XXIV, No. 2 (1972), 223–50; on the SDs: David Lane, The Roots of Russian Communism (Assen, 1969).
50. Hildermeier, Sozialrevolutionäre Partei, 252.
51. Perrie in SS, 249–50; Lane, Roots, 50.
52. In OD, III, Book 5 (St. Petersburg, 1914), 99–100.
53. RZ, XIII (1939), 124.
54. Charles E. Timberlake, ed., Essays on Russian Liberalism (Columbia, Mo., 1972), 11.
55. Terence Emmons in SR, No. 3 (1973), 461–90.
56. Shmuel Galai, The Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900–1905 (Cambridge, 1973).
57. V. V. Shelokhaev, Kadety (Moscow, 1983), 67–68, 84.
Chapter 5
1. S. Iu. Vitte, Vospominaniia, III (Moscow, 1960), 296; cf. M. Szeftel, The Russian Constitution of April 25, 1906 (Brussels, 1976), 33–35.
2. Cited in G. A. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment (Cambridge, 1973), 92.
3. Padenie, V, 418.
4. P. A. Tverskoi in VE, XLVII, No. 4 (April 1912), 188; V. I. Startsev, Russkaia burzhuaziia i samoderzhavie v 1905–17 gg. (Leningrad, 1977), 121.
5. V. N. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, I (Paris, 1933), 306.
6. M. Baring, A Year in Russia (London, 1907), 213; S. S. Oldenburg, Tsarstvovanie Imperatora Nikolaia II, II (Munich, 1949), 5.
7. On these groups, see V. Levitskii in OD, III, Book 5 (St. Petersburg, 1914), 347–469; and Hans Rogger in California Slavic Studies, III (1964) 66–94, and in Journal of Modern History, XXXVI, No. 4 (1964), 398–415.
8. Testimony in Padenie, V, 378.
9. Briefe Wilhelms II an den Zaren, 1894–1914 (Berlin, [1920?]), 376.
10. Introduction to La Chute du Régime Tsariste: Interrogatoires (Paris, 1927), 36.
11. S. E. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia (Berlin, [1938]), 123.
12. RM, No. 1 (January 1907), Pt. 2, 131.
13. The best study of the Fundamental Laws of 1906 is Szeftel’s Russian Constitution.
14. Guchkov in PN, No. 5,616 (August 9, 1936), 2.
15. N. P. Eroshkin, ed., Ocherki istorii gosudarstvennykh uchrezhdenii dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii (Moscow, 1960), 334.
16. The fullest collection of these laws is G. G. Savich, ed., Novyi gosudarstvennyi stroi Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1907).
17. On this subject, see V. M. Gessen, Iskliuchetel’noe polozhenie (St. Petersburg, 1908), and N. N. Polianskii, Tsarskie voennye sudy v bor’be s revoliutsei 1905–1907 gg. (Moscow, 1958), 8–42.
18. The Fundamental Laws of 1906 are translated, with commentaries, in Szeftel’s Russian Constitution.
19. Maklakov, Interrogatoires, 35.
20. Startsev, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 11–13; Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 16–17.
21. Guchkov in PN, No. 5,616 (August 9, 1936), 2.
22. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 81–82, 84–86.
23. V. A. Maklakov, Pervaia Gosudarstvennaia Duma (Paris, 1939), 59–117.
24. P. G. Kurlov, GibeF Imperatorskoi Rossii (Berlin, 1923), 66.
25. Manfred Hildermeier, Die Sozialrevolutionäre Partei Russlands (Köln-Wien, 1978), passim.
26. Sbornik rechei Petra Arkadevicha Stolypina (St. Petersburg, 1911), 9.
27. Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie Otchëty: 1907, Sessiia II, Zasedanie 40-oe, II (St. Petersburg, 1907), 696.
28. Anna Geifman in Jahrbücher, XXXVI, No. 2 (1988), 250.
29. Ibid., 250–51.
30. Maklakov, Interrogatoires, 40.
31. H. Nicolson, Sir Arthur Nicolson, Bart. (London, 1930), 225.
32. “Witte und Stolypin” in P. R. Rohden and G. Ostrogorsky, eds., Menschen die Geschichte machten, III (Vienna, 1931), 268.
33. Tverskoi in VE, XLVII, No. 4 (April 1912), 186.
34. KA, No. 4/17 (1926), 81–90.
35. A. Izgoev, P. A. Stolypin: Ocherk zhizni i deiatel’nosti (Moscow, 1912), 14.
36. Report of 1904 in KA, No. 4/17 (1926), 84.
37. Struve in RM, No. 10 (October 1911), Pt. 2, 139–40; cf. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, I, 205, and Izgoev, Stolypin, 67.
38. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 127–39.
39. A. V. Zenkovskii, Pravda o Stolypine (New York, 1956), 73–113.
40. Byloe, No. 5/6 (1917), 212–27.