145. On this, see Pares, The Fall, 428–29; Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 300; Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 14–17; Guchkov in PN, No. 5,651 (September 13, 1936), 2.
146. Police report of January 5, 1917, in Blok, “Poslednie dni,” 203.
147. Blok, “Poslednie dni,” 205; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 287.
148. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 42.
149. Ibid., II, 188, and III, 41.
150. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 273–74.
151. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 47; Katkov, Russia, 1917, 240.
152. PR, No. 13 (1923), 269–70.
153. Blok, “Poslednie dni,” 207; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 344–45.
154. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 47, and Protopopov in GM XV, No. 2 (1926), 189–91.
155. Blok, “Poslednie dni,” 220–21; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 344–45.
156. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 274–75.
157. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 40.
158. P. E. Shchegolev, Okhranniki i avantiuristy (Moscow, 1930), 140–41.
Chapter 8
1. Tsentral’noe Statisticheskoe Upravlenie, Trudy, VII, Vyp. 1 (Moscow, 1921), 252.
2. Padenie, IV, 21.
3. E. I. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia v fevral’skom perevorote (Leningrad, 1927), 118; A. P. Balk, “Poslednie piat’ dnei tsarskogo Petrograda,” Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University.
4. PR, No. 13 (1923), 290; J. L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution (London, 1976), 58.
5. A. I. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina ifevral’skaia revoliutsiia, 1914–1917gg., III (New York, 1962), 56–57; V. N. Voeikov, S tsarem i bez tsariia (Helsingfors, 1936), 193.
6. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 60–61, 207.
7. Balk, “Poslednie piat’ dnei.”
8. T. Hasegawa, The February Revolution: Petrograd 1917 (Seattle-London, 1981), 215–17, 222.
9. Byloe, No. 1/29 (1918), 161.
10. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 133–34.
11. Eyewitness account in M. Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars pendant la Grand Guerre, III (Paris, 1922), 215.
12. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 86–87; Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars, III, 215.
13. Description in Hasegawa, February Revolution, 232–46.
14. KA, No. 4 (1923), 208–10; retranslated from the Russian.
15. Izvestiia, No. 155 (August 27, 1917), 6.
16. E. R. Levitas, ed., Vogne revoliutsionnykh boev (Raiony Petrograda v dvukh revoliutsiiakh 1917 g.) (Moscow, 1967), 84.
17. Vasilev in P. E. Shchegolev, Okhranniki i avantiuristy (Moscow, 1930), 141–42.
18. K A, No. 2/21 (1927), 4–5.
19. D. N. Dubenskii in RL, No. 3 (Paris, 1922), 28–30.
20. Padenie, I, 190.
21. Ibid.
22. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 82; Revoliutsiia, I, 35.
23. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, I (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1922), 53.
24. KA, No. 4 (1923), 209–10, letter of February 25.
25. Sukhanov, Zapiski, I, 53, 59.
26. Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars, III, 214, 218, citing the memoirs of Gabriel Senac de Meilhan.
27. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 206.
28. On their condition and mood, see ibid., 58–59.
29. Rodzianko to Ruzskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 147.
30. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 207.
31. Sukhanov, Zapiski, I, 54.
32. Byloe, No. 1/29 (1918), 173–74.
33. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 208.
34. Incident described in ibid., 85–88, and I. Lukash, Pavlovtsy (Petrograd, 1917).
35. Vospominaniia Generala A. S. Lukomskogo, I (Berlin, 1922), 124.
36. S. P. Melgunov, Martovskie dni (Paris, 1961), 84.
37. Alekseev in RL, No. 3 (1922), 118; Khabalov in Padenie, I, 203.
38. Khabalov in Padenie, I, 196; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 88–89.
39. L. Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution, I (New York, 1937), 121–22.
40. Revoliutsiia, I, 37.
41. Ibid., 38.
42. Ibid.; Fredericks in Padenie, V, 38.
43. KA, No. 2/21 (1927), 8; Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 157.
44. A. Blok, “Poslednie dni imperatorskoi vlasti,” in Sobranie sochinenii v vos’mi tomakh, VI (Moscow-Leningrad, 1962), 243.
45. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 104.
46. Voeikov in Padenie, III, 71. Text: RL, No. 3 (1922), 114.
47. P. K. Benckendorff, Last Days at Tsarskoe Selo (London, 1927), 2–3.
48. Revoliutsiia, I, 40.
49. Dubenskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 38.
50. His orders in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 114–15; RL, No. 3 (1922), 117.
51. RL, No. 3 (1922), 115.
52. KA, No. 2/21 (1927), 10–11.
53. N. de Basily, Diplomat of Imperial Russia, 1903–1917: Memoirs (Stanford, Calif., 1973), 109.
54. A. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, 2nd ed., I (Moscow, n.d.), 155.
55. Benckendorff, Last Days, 10; Basily, Diplomat, 113–14; Dubenskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 38.
56. Padenie, III, 74.
57. Dubenskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 46–47.
58. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 492.
59. V. V. Shulgin, Dni (Belgrade, 1925), 214; Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 53–55; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 140.
60. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 348.
61. Shulgin, Dni, 157–58. The protocols of this meeting, taken by an unidentified participant and first published in Volia Rossii (Prague), No. 153 (March 15, 1921), 4, are translated in Alexander Kerensky and Robert Browder, The Russian Provisional Government, 1917, I (Stanford, Calif., 1961), 45–47: see also I. Vardin, KN, No. 2/12 (1923), 267–93.
62. Zinaida Gippius, Siniaia kniga (Belgrade, 1929), 89: diary entry of February 28, 1917; Shulgin (Dni, 241) corroborates her intuition.
63. Leonard Schapiro in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 128–30; Alexander Kerensky, The Catastrophe (New York-London, 1927), 12.
64. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 27–28.