20. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik, 301.
21. Robert Michels, Political Parties (Glencoe, 111., 1949), 227n.
22. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik, 300.
23. L. Trotskii, O Lenine (Moscow, 1924), 6–7.
24. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 23.
25. N. [L.] Trotskii, Nashi politicheskie zadachi (Geneva, 1904), 96.
26. Nina Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), 77.
27. M. Gorkii, Vladimir Il’ich Lenin (Leningrad, 1924), 9; NZh, No. 177 (November 10, 1917), cited in H. Ermolaev, ed., Maxim Gorky, Untimely Thoughts (New York, 1968), 89.
28. V. Vodovozov in NChS, XII, 176–77.
29. Gorkii, Lenin, 10; M. Gorki, Lenine et le Paysan Russe (Paris, 1924), 96.
30. La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 8 (August 1923), 206.
31. B. D. Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution (New York, 1948), 219–20.
32. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik, 296–97.
33. SR, XII, No. 36 (1934), 593.
34. Gorki, Lenine et le Paysan Russe, 64.
35. Ibid, 83–84.
36. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 346.
37. La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 9 (September 1923), 459.
38. Gorki, Lenine et le Paysan Russe, 16–17.
39. K. Marx, Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, J. O’Malley, ed. (Cambridge, 1970), 133.
40. Lenin, PSS, XV, 296–97.
41. N. K. Takhtarev in Byloe, No. 24 (1924), 22.
42. Lenin’s first St. Petersburg period (1893–97) is recounted in my Social-Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement (Cambridge, Mass., 1963).
43. Perepiska G. V. Plekhanova i P. B. Aksel’roda, I (Moscow, 1925), 271.
44. Lenin, PSS, I, 279–80, and II, 433–70.
45. Ibid, II, 84.
46. Karl Radek in Rabochaia Moskva, No. 92/656 (April 22, 1924).
47. Lenin, PSS, II, 104; emphasis supplied.
48. Ibid., 84, 101–2; emphasis supplied.
49. Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 223–26.
50. Ibid., 227–32.
51. Lenin, PSS, IV, 193–94.
52. Ibid., 373.
53. The background of these negotiations is described in my Struve: Liberal on the Left, 260–70.
54. Ibid., 276.
55. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 40.
56. On this, see V. A. Tvardovskaia in IZ, No. 67 (1960), 103–44; S. S. Volk, Narodnaia volia (Moscow-Leningrad, 1966), 250–77; and F. Venturi, Roots of Revolution (New York, 1960), 650–53.
57. Volk, Narodnaia volia, 254–55.
58. Lenin, PSS, VIII, 384–85.
59. Volk, Narodnaia volia, 203–12.
60. Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New York, 1960), 49.
61. Ibid., 58–59.
62. Ibid., 61.
63. Trotskii, Nashi politicheskie zadachi, 93.
64. Lenin, PSS, VIII, 370.
65. Letter to Karl Kautsky, June 1904, cited in A. Ascher, Pavel Axelrod and the Development of Menshevism (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 211.
66. L. Martov, Spasiteli ili uprazdniteli? (Paris, 1911), 3.
67. Z. A. B. Zeman and W. B. Scharlau, The Merchant of Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus) (London, 1965), 76.
68. LS, V (1926), 456–59.
69. On this, see Oskar Anweiler, The Soviets (New York, 1974), 76–86.
70. N. Mendeleev in NZh, No. 6 (November 2, 1905), 5.
71. Anweiler, Soviets, 84–85.
72. N. K. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine, I (Moscow-Leningrad, 1930), 120.
73. Schapiro, Communist Party, 86, 105.
74. The information which follows is drawn largely from D. Lane’s The Roots of Russian Communism (Assen, Holland, 1969).
75. Schapiro, Communist Party, 101.
76. Lane, Roots, 21.
77. Ibid, 44–45.
78. Ibid., 210.
79. On the early manifestations of this attitude, see my Social-Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement, passim.
80. L. M[art]ov in OD, III, Book 5, 572.
81. Anweiler, Soviets, 278n.
82. M[art]ov, OD, III, Book 5, 570.
83. Ibid., 571.
84. Schapiro, Communist Party, 76.
85. See below, p. 719.
86. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine, I, 107–9.
87. John L. H. Keep, The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia (Oxford, 1963), 194–95.
88. Lenin, PSS, XVII, 31–32.
89. Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–23 (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 31–33.
90. Lenin, PSS, II, 452.
91. Pipes, Formation, 35–49.
92. Wolfe, Three, 261; Schapiro, Communist Party, 88.
93. Keep, Social Democracy, 181–82, 205.
94. M. N. Liadov [M. N. Mandelshtam] and S. M. Pozner, eds., Leonid Borisovich Krasin (“Nikitich”): Gody podpol’ia (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), 142.
95. Martov, Spasiteli ili uprazdniteli?, 22–23; B Bibineishvili, Kamo (Moscow, 1934). 142n.–143n.
96. David Shub, Lenin (Garden City, N.Y., 1948), 101–2; Pis’ma Akselroda i Martova (Berlin, 1924), 184.
97. Martov, Spasiteli, passim.
98. Ibid., 18.
99. On him, see Liadov and Pozner, Krasin, and M. Glenny in SS, No. 22 (1970), 192–221.
100. Liadov and Pozner, Krasin, 236–39 and passim.
101. Shub, Lenin, 104–5,
102. Wolfe, Three, 379; T. Aleksinskii in La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 9 (September 1923), 456–57.
103. On this, see S. Shesternin in SB, No. 5/8 (1933), 155–56; N. K. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine (Moscow, 1932), 141–42, and Dietrich Geyer, Kautskys Russisches Dossier (Frankfurt-New York, 1981), 18–25.
104. Geyer, Kautskys Russisches Dossier, 24.
105. La Grande Revue, XXVII, No. 9 (September 1923), 448.
106. Padenie, I, 315. On him, see R. C. Elwood, Roman Malinovsky (Newtonville, Mass., 1977).
107. Lenin, PSS, XLVIII, 140 and 133.
108. Shub, Lenin, 117.
109. M. A. Tsiavlovskii, Bol’sheviki: Dokumenty po istorii bol’shevizma’s 1903 po 1916 god byvsh. Moskovskogo Okhrannogo Otdeleniia (Moscow, 1918), xiii.