110. V. Burtsev in Struggling Russia, I, No. 9–10 (1919), 139.
111. A. I. Spiridovich, Istorila Bol’shevizma v Rossii (Paris, 1922), 260.
112. Burtsev, Struggling Russia, 139.
113. Tsiavlovskii, Bol’sheviki, xiv. See, for example, his speech of December 7, 1912, in Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie Otch’ty, Sozyv IV, Sessiia I, Zasedanie 8 (St. Petersburg, 1913). 313–27.
114. Padenie, III, 281, 286; Spiridovich, Istorila Bol’shevizma, 258; Burtsev in Padenie, I, 316. A police instruction to this effect from the winter of 1916–17: B. Ia. Nalivaiskii, ed., Petrogradskii Sovet Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov: Protokoly Zasedanii Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta i Biuro Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925), 312–13.
115. Spiridovich, Istoriia Bol’shevizma, 231.
116. On this organization and its activities, see Zeman and Scharlau, Merchant, 132–36.
117. T. Hornykiewicz, ed., Ereignisse in der Ukraine, 1914–1922, I (Philadelphia, 1966), 183.
118. Unpublished document in the Central Party Archive, summarized in Lenin, Khronika, III, 269.
119. LS, II (1924), 180.
120. Unpublished document in the Central Party Archive, summarized in Lenin, Khronika, III, 273. On these events, see Ganetskii in LS, II (1924), 173–87, and Krupskaia, Vospominaniia, 212–16.
121. O. G. Gankin, The Bolsheviks and the World War (Stanford, Calif., 1940), 54–55.
122. Ibid., 59.
123. Lenin, PSS, XLVIII, 155.
124. Ibid., XXVI, 1–7.
125. Ibid., XLIX, 15.
126. Dispatch of January 1915, in Z. A. B. Zeman, ed., Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918 (London, 1958), 1–2.
127. On Parvus’s encounter with Lenin, see Zeman and Scharlau, Merchant, 157–59.
128. Ibid, 158–59.
129. Zeman, Germany, 11–13; A. Shliapnikov, Kanun semnadtsatogo goda, 3rd ed., Pt. 1 (Moscow, n.d.), 154.
130. As asserted by J. Braunthal, History of the International, II (New York-Washington, 1967), 47.
131. Gankin, The Bolsheviks, 329–33.
132. Ibid., 333–37. 347–49.
133. Ibid., 422; emphasis in the original.
134. Ibid., 426–27; emphasis in the original.
135. Ibid., 461.
136. On his Swiss period, see Shub, Lenin, 143–53.
137. G. A. Solomon, Lenin i ego sem ’ia (Paris, 1931), 78.
138. Bertram D. Wolfe, Strange Communists Whom I Have Known (New York, 1965), 138–64; Angelica Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1964), 14.
139. A. Shliapnikov, Kanun semnadtsatogo goda, 3rd ed., Pt. 2, (Moscow, [1923?], 37–44.
140. Lenin, PSS, XXX, 328.
Chapter 10
1. M. Bronskii in PR, No. 4/27 (1924), 30–39.
2. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, No. 458 (March 15, 1917), 2; Lenin, PSS, XLIX, 398–99.
3. Ibid., 399.
4. Ibid., XXXI, 491.
5. W. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr nach Russland, 1917 (Leiden, 1957), 15–16; Lenin, PSS, XLIX, 406; G. E. Zinoviev, God revoliutsii, II (Leningrad, 1926), 503.
6. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 7.
7. A. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, 2nd ed., I (Moscow, n.d.), 99; E. N. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 39n.
8. A. Shliapnikov, Kanun semnadtsatogo goda, 3rd ed. Pt. 2 (Moscow, [1923?]), 35–42.
9. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 40; N. F. Kudelli, Pervyi legaVnyi Petersburgskii Komitet Bol’shevikov v 1917 g. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927).
10. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 41–42; Izvestiia, No. 7 (March 6, 1917), 6.
11. Kamenev, Pravda, No. 9 (March 15, 1917), 1; Stalin, Pravda, No. 10 (March 16, 1917), 2 (reprinted in I. V. Stalin, Sochineniia, III, Moscow, 1946, 4–8).
12. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, II (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925), 185–86.
13. Kudelli, Pervyi, 50.
14. Revoliutsiia, I, 147.
15. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 11–33.
16. Pravda, No. 14 (March 21, 1917), 2–3, and continued in No. 15 (March 22, 1917), 2; Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 49.
17. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr, 10.
18. General M. Hoffmann, Der Krieg der versäumten Gelegenheiten (Munich, 1923), 174.
19. B. Nikitin, Rokovye gody (Paris, 1937), 108.
20. Z. A. B. Zeman and W. B. Scharlau, The Merchant of Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus) (London, 1965), 207–8.
21. P. Scheidemann, Memoiren eines Sozialdemokraten (Dresden, 1930), 427–28.
22. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr, 47. Memorandum dated April 2 [March 20], 1917.
23. Ibid., 49–50. Cable of April 3 [March 21], probably referring to Lenin’s first “Letter from Afar” published in Pravda on that day. See further ibid., 51–54.
24. Ibid., 10.
25. LS, II (1924), 389–90. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 498.
26. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr, 28.
27. Z. A. B. Zeman, ed., Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918 (London, 1958), 24; LS, II (1924), 390.
28. Richard M. Watt, Dare Call It Treason (New York, 1963), 138.
29. Fritz Platten, Die Reise Lenins durch Deutschland (Berlin, 1924), 56; Izvestiia, No. 32 (April 5, 1917), 2; Zinoviev, God revoliutsii, II, 503.
30. K. Radek, Living Age, No. 4,051 (February 25, 1922), 451.
31. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr, 99–100; J. Görgen in Weltspiel (Berlin), No. 12,632 (April 12, 1987); Lenin, Khronika, IV, 45–46.
32. Zeman and Scharlau, Merchant, 217–19.
33. V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government, 1917 (New Haven, Conn.-London, 1976), 119.
34. Izvestiia, No. 32 (April 5, 1917), 1.
35. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, III (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1922), 26–27.
36. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 72–78; Lenin, Sochineniia, XX, 640.
37. Pravda, No. 25 (April 6, 1917), 1.
38. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 51.
39. Kudelli, Pervyi, 88.
40. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 52.
41. Zeman, Germany, 51.
42. C. Malaparte, Coup d’Etat: The Technique of Revolution (New York, 1932), 220.