43. I. G. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia o Fevral’skoi Revoliutsii, II (Paris-The Hague, 1963), 302.
44. Letter to Dr. Kugelmann of 1871 cited in Lenin, PSS, XXXIII, 37.
45. April 8, 1917 (NS), in Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 91–92.
46. Cf. H. Delbrück, Geschichte der Kriegskunst, IV (Berlin, 1920), 492–94; G. Lefebvre, Napoléon, I (New York, 1969), 230–31.
47. Lenin, PSS, XLV, 381.
48. G. Le Bon, The Crowd (London, 1952), 73.
49. E. Canetti, Crowds and Power (Middlesex, Eng.-New York, 1973), 24–25.
50. P. Lepeshinskii, Zhiznennyi put’ Lenina, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1925), 44.
51. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 78–79; George Katkov, The Kornilov Affair (London-New York, 1980), 54.
52. V. S. Vasiukov, Vneshniaia politika Vremennogo pravitel’stva (Moscow, 1966), 124.
53. Alexander Kerensky, The Catastrophe (New York-London, 1927), 135.
54. Text in Revoliutsiia, II, 247–48.
55. Vasiukov, Vneshniaia politika, 128.
56. See his statement in NZh, No. 5 (April 23, 1917), 6.
57. Account of his death by P. N. Krasnov in ARR, I (1921), 105–12.
58. Revoliutsiia, II, 50.
59. Kerensky, Catastrophe, 136.
60. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 51.
61. Lenin, Sochineniia, XX, 648. Text in ibid., 608–9, from Pravda, No. 37 (April 21, 1917), 1; Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 291–92.
62. Kudelli, Pervyi, 92–94.
63. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 309–11.
64. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 107.
65. The figure is from G. N. Golikov and Iu. S. Tokarev in IZ, No. 57 (1956), 51.
66. KL, No. 7 (1923), 91; F. F. Raskolnikov, Na boevykh postakh revoliutsionnykh boev (Moscow, 1964), 69.
67. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 106–10.
68. P. Miliukov, Istoriia Vtoroi Russkoi Revoliutsii, I, Pt. 1 (Sofia, 1921), 98–99.
69. Revoliutsiia, II, 57.
70. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 361.
71. Ibid., XXXIV, 216.
72. Sukhanov, Zapiski, III, 299.
73. Revoliutsiia, II, 74.
74. Ibid., 82.
75. PN, No. 5,668 (September 30, 1936), 2.
76. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, I, 135–36.
77. Revoliutsiia, II, 95.
78. Ibid., 98–99; Ibid., III, 13–14.
79. Crane Brinton, Anatomy of Revolution (New York, 1938), 163–71.
80. Marc Ferro in R. C. Elwood, Considerations of the Russian Revolution (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1976), 100–32.
81. John L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution (London, 1976), 79.
82. Resolution in Oktiabr’skaia revoliutsiia i Fabzavkomy, I (Moscow, 1927), 22–24.
83. Ibid., 6.
84. Paul Avrich in Jahrbücher, XI, No. 2 (1963), 166–68; Revoliutsiia, II, 231–33.
85. V. Malakhovskii in PR, No. 10/93 (1929), 29–31.
86. Revoliutsiia, II, 82–84.
87. Malakhovskii in PR, No. 10/93 (1929), 31.
88. D. A. Chugaev, ed., Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v mae-iune 1917 goda: Iunskaia demon-stratsiia, (Moscow, 1959), 488.
89. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 289–90.
90. Shestoi s”ezd RSDRP (bol’shevikov): Protokoly (Moscow, 1958), 147–50; PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 287–88; V. P. Budnikov, Bol’shevistskaia partiinaia pechat’ v 1917 g. (Kharkov, 1959), passim.
91. Soldatskaia Pravda, No. 1 (April 15, 1917), 1.
92. Zeman, Germany, 94.
93. Vorwärts, January 14, 1921, 1.
94. Alexander Kerensky, The Crucifixion of Liberty (New York, 1934), 325–26; Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 116–17.
95. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 117.
96. Kerensky, Crucifixion, 326.
97. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 112–14, where also other examples. Cf. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXI, 570.
98. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 107.
99. Lenin, PSS, XLIX, 437, 438.
100. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 109–10.
101. Kerensky, Catastrophe, 209.
102. Vasiukov, Vneshnaia politika, 191.
103. E. H. Wilcox, Russia’s Ruin (New York, 1919), 196.
104. Ibid., 197, citing V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko.
105. Alexander Kerensky, Russia and History’s Turning Point (New York, 1965), 277.
106. W. H. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, I (New York, 1935), 152.
107. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v mae-iiunie 1917 g., 486.
108. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 317–18.
109. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie, 485–87.
110. Soldatskaia Pravda, June 10, 1917, cited in A. Rabinowitch, Prelude to Revolution (Blooming-ton, Ind., 1968), 69.
111. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 307–10; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, II, 228.
112. Pravda, No. 80 (June 13, 1917), 1; emphasis supplied.
113. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, II, 52–54.
114. C. R. M. F. Cruttwell, A History of the Great War, 1914–1918 (Oxford, 1936), 630–32; Tsen-tral’noe Statisticheskoe Upravlenie, Otdel Voennoi Statistiki, Rossiia v Mirovoi Voine 1914–1918 goda (v tsifrakh) (Moscow, 1925), 4n.
115. Rossiia v Mirovoi Voine, 4; Iu. A. Poliakov, Sovetskaia strana posle okonchaniia grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow, 1986), 99.
116. L. G. Beskrovnyi, Armiia i flot Rossii v nachale XX v. (Moscow, 1986), 17.
117. Calculated on the basis of figures in the sources cited in notes 114, 115, and 116 above.
118. Shliapnikov in PR, No. 4/51 (1926), 59.
119. P. Stulov in KL, No. 3/36 (1930), 65–66; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, II, 270.
120. Stulov, loc. cit., 70.
121. PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 6.
122. PR, No. 4/51 (1926), 56.
123. PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 7.
124. Revoliutsiia, III, no.
125. F. F. Raskolnikov in Pravda, No. 159 (July 16, 1927), 3, and No. 168 (July 27, 1927), 3; see also his Kronshtadt i Piter v 1917 godu (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925).
126. Revoliutsiia, III, 84, 105, 108.
127. Stulov in KL, No. 3/36 (1930), 93.
128. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 266; V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Na boevykh postakh (Moscow, 1930), 58.
129. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 111.
130. Ibid., 115–16.
131. Ibid., 120, 122–23.
132. Bonch-Bruevich, Na boevykh postakh, 87–90; Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 123–25.