Prince, and at one point officer in the Guards, who resigned from the army in obedience to Tolstoy's ideals. Khomyakov, x\lexis Stepanovioi (1804 60).
Author and poet of Slavophil persuasion; however, welcomed technical progress and the emancipation of the serfs. With Kireyevskv, Samarin and Aksakov, founded the small clique whose aims were to defend Russia, Russian religious tradition and Russian history. Kireyevsky, Ivan Vasilyevich (1806-56).
Philosopher and co-founder, with Khomyakov, of the Slavophil movement.
Kireyevsky, Peter Vasilyevich (1808-56).
Brother of the above. Slavophil publicist, collected and did research on Russian folk songs. Koni, Anatot. Fyodorovich (1844-1927).
Reputed jurist and judge, wrote memoirs; friend of Tolstoy, to whom he furnished the story for Resurrection. Korolenko, Vladimir Galaktyonovtch (1853-1921).
Author of Ukrainian origin. Arrested for associating with revolutionaries, exiled to Siberia, then allowed to return to Russia: published a number of works defending the downtrodden, such as Makar's Dream, The Blind Musician and The Murmuring Forest. Korsh. Exjcf.ne Fyodorovich
Publisher of the periodical Athenaeum. Kramskoy, Ivan Nikola ye vicn (1837 '87). Artist and friend of Tolstoy; was the first to paint a portrait of him.
Krayevsky, Andrey Alexandrovich (1810-89). Publicist, publisher of the journal Fatherland Notes.
Kuprin, Alexander Ivanovich (1870-1938).
Author; wrote a large number of realistic novels and short stories, the most famous of which are l'lie Duel (1905), Captain Rybnikov (1906), Sulamith (1908), The Garnet Bracelet (1911) and Yama (1915)- After the Russian Revolution, settled in France, but became homesick and returned to his country, where he died.
Lfontyev, Konstanttn NiKor.AYEvicn (1831-91).
Author, essayist and critic, ended his life as a monk at Trinity Monaster)' near Moscow. Especially noted for a remarkable study: Analysis, Style and Atmosphere in the Novels of Count L. N. Tolstoy (1890).
Leskov, Nicholas Semyonovich (1831-95).
Author; a realist, excelling in the portrayal of ecclesiastical circles and common people, as in Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (1865), The Amazon (1866), Cathedral Folk (1872), The Sealed Angel (1873) and The Enchanted Wanderer (1873).
Loewenfeld, Raphael (1854-1910).
German author, pro-Slav, literary critic; wrote several books about Tolstoy, whom he visited in 1890 to obtain material for a biography he had begun.
Maklakov, Vasily Alexeyevicii (1870-1957). Lawyer, member of the imperial Duma and friend of Tolstoy; at the time of the Kerensky government in 1917 he was ambassador to France, and remained there after the Revolution.
Makovitsky, Dushan Petrovich (1866-1921). Tolstoyfs personal physician from 1904 to 1910.
Maykov, Apollon Nikolayevich (1821-97).
Son of a painter; at first, wanted to paint himself, but showed such striking talent for poetry at twenty that he decided to shift to literature. A trip to Italy produced Roman Sketches (1847). Later, classical Rome inspired him to write tragedies in verse, such as Two Worlds (1882). He also published The Princess (1877), another long narrative poem. After a period in Paris, where he attended the Sorbonne and defended a thesis on ancient Slavic law, returned to St. Petersburg, was appointed librarian of the Rumyantsev Museum and became Chairman of the Foreign Works Censorship Committee. His idyls on nature show a delicate touch; he was an "imagist" poet and an avowed partisan of "art for art's sake."
Mechnikov, Ilya iLicn (1845-1916).
Russian zoologist and biologist; lived in Paris, where he was appointed assistant director of the Institut Pasteur. Visited Yasnaya Polyana with his wife on May 30, 1909. Nobel Prize 1908.
Merezhkovsky, Dmitry Sergeyevich (1865-1941). Author; deeply concerned with religious and historical questions, he wrote Julian the Apostate (or The Death of the Gods) (1896), Leonardo da Vinci (or The Forerunner) (1901), Peter and Alexis (1905), and several critical studies, among them Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky (1901-2). After the Revolution, fled to France with his wife, Zinaida Hippius.
Naztttvin, Ivan Fyodorovich (1874-1940). Writer, friend of Tolstoy. Emigrated after the Russian Revolution.
Nekrasov, NicnoTAs Aiexeyevich (1821-78).
Great poet and courageous publicist; in 1846, purchased The Contemporary, the review founded by Pushkin and Pletnyov in 1836. Assisted by Ivan Panayev, he soon transformed it into Russia's foremost literary review of progressive and liberal tendency. Its publication was banned by the authorities in 1866. Affirmative and atheistic, his best-known works (Who Can Be Happy in Russia, Frost the Red-Nosed and Vfas) described the miseries of the common people and their aspirations, and helped to prepare public opinion for the abolition of serfdom.
Ogaryov, Nicholas Platonovich (1813-77).
Liberal-minded poet; banished from the capital in 1834 by administrative order. After traveling about Europe, left Russia for good in 1856 and settled in London, where he collaborated with Her/en. Wrote a collection of poems of intense sincerity.
Ostrovsky, Alexander Nikolayevich (1823-86).
Dramatist, excelling in the portrayal of the lower middle-class and tradespeople. Wrote some forty plays, including The Bankrupt (1849), The Poor Bride (1853), Poverty Is No Crime (1854),T he Ward (1859 )>The Thunderstorm (i860) and The Forest (1871).
Ozmidov, Nicholas Lukich (1844-1908). Good friend of Tolstoy; shared his ideas.
Panayev, Ivan Ivanovich (1812-62).
Author and co-publisher, with Nekrasov, of The Contemporary.
Pisemsky, Alexis Theofilaktovich (1820-81).
Novelist and dramatist. His first novel, The Boyars—a plea for free love - was banned by the censor, circulated in manuscript form and was published in 1858. In 1852 he had already obtained a resounding success with The Hypochondriac and in 1858 with a novel, A Thousand Souls, depicting Russian society before the abolition of serfdom. Also worth mentioning are Troubled Sea (1863), and a few realistic dramas such as Bitter Fate (1859). Pisemsky was a first-rate observer of provincial life.
Pobyedonostsev, Konstantin Petrovich (1827-1907). Tutor of Tsarevich Alexander, who reigned as Alexander 111, he gained considerable ascendancy over him and led him toward absolute autocracy, lie became the tsar's representative to the Iloly Synod and held this position for nearly fifty years under Alexander III and Nicholas 11; to die last, he remained a sworn enemy of liberal ideas.
polonsky, yakov Petroyich (l819-98). Poet of pleasing and elegant manner.
Rayevsky, Ivan IvANdvicn (1835 91)-
Landowner in the government of Ryazan; friend of Tolstoy, who lived on his estate in 1891 while organizing relief during the great famine.
Repin, Ilya Efimovich (1844 1930).
Famous painter, known for his colorful renditions of historical events and
famous persons and his genre paintings. Major works include "The Volga Boatmen/' "The Procession," "The Nihilist," "Back from Siberia," "The Cossacks," "The Death of Tsarcvich Ivan" and a few portraits and sketches of Tolstoy, whom he often visited in his home in Moscow and at Yasnaya Polyana.