There were, however, to be no more large-scale popular rebellions, and the power of the Tudor State against the poor was strengthened. Andy Wood has argued that 1549 was decisive in shifting the loyalties of the yeoman class towards aspiration and gentleman status, valuing literacy for their children and becoming stalwarts of the Elizabethan State. 10 Meanwhile, the poor got poorer.
And yet. Almost a century later, in 1644, during the English Civil Wars, the New Model Army arose from the Eastern Association, made up of men from the South-East, especially East Anglia. The New Model Army would later produce radical movements such as the Levellers. It is perhaps not too fanciful to imagine that some of the soldiers of the Eastern Association, great-grandchildren of the 1549 rebels, brought with them memories of a past attempt to create a more equal society.
ENDNOTES
Introduction
1. The full story is told in Holbrooke, R., ‘A Mousehold Abduction, 1548’, in Rawcliffe, C., Virgoe, R. and Wilson, R. (eds), Counties and Communities: Essays on East Anglian History (1996), pp. 115–28.
2. Jordan, W. K., Edward VI: The Young King (1968), p. 493.
The Background: Class and Status
1. Hayward, M., Rich Appareclass="underline" Clothing and the Law in Henry VIII’s England (2009), chapter 2.
2. Elyot, T., The Book Named the Governor (1531), quoted in Wood, A., Riot, Rebellion and Popular Politics in Early Modern England (2002), p. 26.
3. Hayward, p. 42, quoting Elton, G. R., Tudor Constitution (1960), p. 15.
4. Hayward, p. 43, quoting Hale, J., The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance (1993), p. 465.
5. De Republica Anglorum, quoted in Wood (2002), pp. 29–30.
6. Wood, A., The 1549 Rebellions and the Making of Early Modern England (2007), p. 14.
7. For an interesting discussion of the virtues and limitations of Marx’s analysis, see Wood (2007), pp. 14–16.
8. Whittle, J., The Development of Agrarian Capitalism: Land and Labour in Norfolk, 1440–1580 (2000), pp. 97–8.
9. Wood (2007), p. 181.
10. Fletcher, A. and MacCulloch, D., Tudor Rebellions (2004), pp. 22–4.
11. Ibid., chapter 4 and Wood (2002), pp. 49–54.
12. See particularly Shagan, E., Popular Politics and the English Reformation (2003).
The Rule of Protector Somerset: Inflation and War, Religious and Social Reform
1. There is an interesting discussion of the circumstances of Somerset’s rise to power in Skidmore, C., Edward VI: The Last King of England (2007), chapters 1–3.
2. Jordan, W. K., Edward VI: The Young King (1968) expresses the first view; Bush, M. L., The Government Policy of Protector Somerset (1975) the second.
3. See e.g. Jordan, p. 39, Skidmore, pp. 239-40.
4. Merriman, M., The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots 1542–1551 (2000), pp. 218–19.
The Great Inflation
1. Chalis, C., The Tudor Coinage (1978), pp. 68–95.
2. Wood (2007), p. 30.
3. Youings, J., Sixteenth-Century England (1984), p. 135.
4. See discussion in Bush, pp. 41–2.
The Scottish War
1. This account is based on Merriman, chapter 10.
2. Ibid., p. 342.
3. Hodgkins, A., ‘Reconstructing Rebellion: Digital Terrain Analysis of the Battle of Dussindale (1549)’, Internet Archaeology 38 (2015), p. 20.
4. Phillips, G., ‘To Cry “Home! Home!”: Neutrality, Morale and Indiscipline in Tudor Armies’, Journal of Military History 65 (April 2001), p. 320.
5. Fletcher and MacCulloch, chapter 13.
Religious Change
1. Jordan, chapters 4–5.
2. Fletcher and MacCulloch, p. 240, fn. 9.
3. Jordan, pp. 125–6.
The Commonwealth Men
1. Jones, W. R. D., The Tudor Commonwealth (1970), chapter 1.
2. Woodcock, M., ‘Thomas Churchyard and the Medieval Complaint Tradition’, in King, A. and Woodcock, M. (eds), Medieval Into Renaissance: Essays for Helen Cooper (2016), pp. 123–41.
3. Jones, p. 214.
4. Quoted in Elton, G. R., ‘Reform and the “Commonwealth-men” of Edward VI’s Reign’, in Clark, P., Smith, A. G. R. and Tyacke, N. (eds), The English Commonwealth 1547–1640 (1979), p. 27.
5. Bush, chapter 3.
6. Jones, p. 214.
7. Ibid., pp. 43, 50.
8. Fletcher and MacCulloch, pp. 12–14.
The Enclosure Commissions
1. Discussion of the 1548 enclosure commission and the sheep tax follows Jordan, pp. 427–36.
2. The discussion of the 1548 Northaw rising is based on Jones, A., ‘Commotion Time’: The English Risings of 1549, University of Warwick PhD (2003), chapter 2.
3. For the issue of enclosure, see Cornwall, J., Revolt of the Peasantry (1977), chapter 1; Hammond, R. J., The Social and Economic Circumstances of Kett’s Rebellion (1934), chapter 1; Kerridge, E., Agrarian Problems in the Sixteenth Century and After (1969); and a particularly good summary in Youings, J., Sixteenth-Century England (1984).
Was Enclosure a Major Problem?
1. Youings, p. 171.
2. Kerridge, chapter 4.
3. Fletcher and MacCulloch, p. 83.
4. Hammond, p. 64.
5. Ibid., p. 75.
1549: A Perfect Storm
1. Jordan, chapter XIII.
2. Jones, p. 253.
3. Bush, p. 59.
The May ‘Stirs’
1. Heinze, R. W., The Proclamations of the Tudor Kings (1976), p. 217.
2. Ravensdale, J. R., ‘Landbeach in 1549: Kett’s Rebellion in Miniature’, in Mundy, L. M. (ed.), East Anglian Studies (1968).
3. MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer: A Life (1996), p. 429.
4. Heinze, p. 217.
The Western Rebellion
1. Youings, J., ‘The South-Western Rebellion of 1549’, Southern History (1979), pp. 100–22.
2. Jones, pp. 89–90.
3. Greenwood, A., A Study of the Rebel Petitions of 1549, University of Manchester PhD (1990), Part 1.
4. MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, pp. 430–1.
The Rebellions of Commonwealth
1. Jones, Map 1.2.
2. Ibid., pp. 69 and 183–238.
3. Ibid., pp. 194–222 for discussion of the Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire rebellions.
4. MacCulloch, D., ‘Kett’s Rebellion in Context’, Past & Present 84 (1979).
5. See for example Cornwall, op. cit.
6. Jones, p. 5.
Rebel Coordination
1. Heinze, p. 218.
2. Somerset to Hoby, 24.8.1549. Quoted in Bush, M. L., ‘Protector Somerset and the 1549 Rebellions: A Post-Revision Questioned’, English Historical Review (February 2000).