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The Ordnance Survey Motoring Atlas: Britain 2001 (2000) is an authoritative atlas of the United Kingdom. Tony Champion (A.G. Champion) et al., The Population of Britain in the 1990s: A Social and Economic Atlas (1996), provides a detailed social portrait of the nation in map form. Eric H. Brown and Keith Clayton (eds.), The Geomorphology of the British Isles (1976– ), a series arranged by region, explores the evolution of the country’s complex and varied landforms. Changes in the observable landscapes are detailed in several works in the series by Roy Millward and Adrian Robinson, Landscapes of Britain (1971–73). Classic illustrated works on physical geography include L. Dudley Stamp, Britain’s Structure and Scenery, 6th ed. (1967, reprinted 1984); and Gordon Manley, Climate and the British Scene (1952, reissued 1971). A.G. Tansley, The British Islands and Their Vegetation (1939, reissued in 2 vol., 1965), is a monumental classic on the ecology of the British Isles.

Useful sources on the human geography of the United Kingdom include J.W. House (ed.), The UK Space: Resources, Environment, and the Future, 3rd ed. (1982); and Vince Gardiner and Hugh Matthews (eds.), The Changing Geography of the United Kingdom, 3rd ed. (2000). Mohan Luthra, Britain’s Black Population: Social Change, Public Policy, and Agenda (1997), presents a study of the United Kingdom’s ethnic minorities. Information on recent developments in the country’s demography and social conditions appears in Britain (annual), published by the Central Office of Information. William Ravenhill Economy

Historical studies of economic development and growth include R.C.O. Matthews, C.H. Feinstein, and J.C. Odling-Smee, British Economic Growth, 1856–1973 (1982); Rex Pope, The British Economy Since 1914: A Study in Decline? (1998); Roger Middleton, The British Economy Since 1945: Engaging with the Debate (2000); Peter Browning, The Treasury and Economic Policy, 1964–1985 (1986); and Nick Gardner, Decade of Discontent: The Changing British Economy Since 1973 (1987). David Sinclair, The Pound: A Biography (2000), provides a popular history of Britain’s currency. General surveys of the economy by sector include M.H. Peston, The British Economy: An Elementary Macroeconomic Perspective, 2nd ed. (1984); and John Black, The Economics of Modern Britain: An Introduction to Macroeconomics, 4th ed. (1985). J.C.R. Dow and I.D. Saville, A Critique of Monetary Policy: Theory and British Experience (1988, reissued 1990); and C.A.E. Goodhart, Monetary Theory and Practice: The UK Experience (1984), explore monetary issues. Special studies of economic performance and economic conditions include Ben Fine and Laurence Harris, The Peculiarities of the British Economy (1985); John Kay, Colin Mayer, and David Thompson (eds.), Privatization and Regulation: The UK Experience (1986); and Rüdiger Dornbusch and Richard Layard (eds.), The Performance of the British Economy (1987). William Keegan, Mrs. Thatcher’s Economic Experiment (1984); Samuel Brittan, Capitalism with a Human Face (1995); and Will Hutton, The State We’re In, rev. ed. (1996), analyze the influence of government policy on the country’s economy. Hugo Young, This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair, rev. ed. (1999), provides an account of the United Kingdom’s relations with the rest of Europe during the second half of the 20th century. Historical and current economic developments are treated in OECD Economic Surveys: United Kingdom (annual), published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; National Institute Economic Review (quarterly); and Economic Outlook (monthly), published by the London Business School Centre for Economic Forecasting. Ulric M. Spencer Administration and social conditions