You can activate an inactive scope by pressing and holding or right-clicking it in the DHCP console, and then selecting Activate. You can deactivate an active scope by pressing and holding or right-clicking it in the DHCP console, and then selecting Deactivate.
IMPORTANT Deactivating turns off a scope but doesn’t terminate current client leases. If you want to terminate leases, follow the instructions in “Releasing addresses and leases” later in this chapter.
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a dynamic IPv4 addressing protocol that predates DHCP. Normal scopes don’t support BOOTP. To enable a scope to support BOOTP, follow these steps:
1. Press and hold or right-click the normal scope for IPv4 addresses that you want to modify, and then tap or click Properties.
2. On the Advanced tab, tap or click Both to support DHCP and BOOTP clients.
3. As necessary, set a lease duration for BOOTP clients, and then tap or click OK.
NOTE The typical lease duration for a BOOTP address is much longer than for a DhCP address. For BOOTP, the default of 30 days is a good compromise, though some scenarios might lend themselves to an unlimited lease duration.
Removing a scope permanently deletes the scope from the DHCP server. To remove a scope, follow these steps:
1. In the DHCP console, press and hold or right-click the scope you want to remove, and then tap or click Delete.
2. When prompted to confirm that you want to delete the scope, tap or click Yes.
You can configure multiple scopes on a single network. A single DHCP server or multiple DHCP servers can serve these scopes. However, any time you work with multiple scopes, it’s extremely important that the address ranges used by different scopes not overlap. Each scope must have a unique address range. If it doesn’t, the same IP address might be assigned to different DHCP clients, which can cause severe problems on the network.
To understand how you can use multiple scopes, consider the following scenario, in which each server has its respective DHCP scope IP address range on the same subnet:
■ Server A 192.168.10.1 to 192.168.10.99
■ Server B 192.168.10.100 to 192.168.10.199
■ Server C 192.168.10.200 to 192.168.10.254
Each of these servers responds to DHCP discovery messages, and any of them can assign IP addresses to clients. If one of the servers fails, the other servers can continue to provide DHCP services to the network. To introduce fault tolerance and provide redundancy, you can use failover scopes as discussed in the next section.
Creating and managing failover scopes
Failover scopes are split between two DHCP servers to increase fault tolerance, provide redundancy over using a single DHCP server, and enable load balancing. With a failover scope, you identify the two DHCP servers that split the scope. If one of the servers becomes unavailable or overloaded, the other server can take its place by continuing to lease new IP addresses and renew existing leases. A failover scope can also help to balance server loads.
Failover scopes apply only to IPv4 addresses. You can split a single scope or a superscope that contains multiple scopes.
You create a failover scope on the DHCP server that you want to designate as the primary server by splitting an existing scope or superscope. During the failover-scope creation process, you need to specify the partner server with which you want to split the primary server’s scope. This additional server acts as the secondary server for the scope. Because failover scopes are a server-side enhancement, no additional configuration is required for DHCP clients.
The way scope splitting works depends on the failover scope configuration settings. You do one of the following:
■ Optimize for load balancing A failover scope optimized for load balancing has little or no time delay configured in its scope properties. With no time delay, both the primary and the secondary servers can respond to DHCP DISCOVER requests from DHCP clients. This enables the fastest server to respond to and accept a DHCPOFFER first. Fault tolerance continues to be a part of the scope. If one of the servers becomes unavailable or overloaded and is unable to respond to requests, the other server handles requests and continues distributing addresses until the normal process is restored. For load balancing, set Load Balance as the failover mode.
■ Optimize for fault tolerance A failover scope optimized for fault tolerance has an extended time delay configured in its scope properties. The time delay on the secondary DHCP server causes the server to respond with a delay to DHCP DISCOVER requests from DHCP clients. The delay on the secondary server enables the primary DHCP server to respond to and accept the DHCPOFFER first. However, if the primary server becomes unavailable or overloaded and is unable to respond to requests, the secondary server handles requests and continues distributing addresses until the primary server is available to service clients again. For fault tolerance, set Hot Standby as the failover mode.
You can create a failover scope by completing the following steps:
1. In the DHCP console, connect to the primary DHCP server for the failover scope. Double-tap or double-click the entry for the primary server, and then expand its IPv4 folder in the tree view.
2. The scope with which you want to work must already be defined. Press and hold or right-click the scope or superscope that you want to configure for failover, and then tap or click Configure Failover to start the Configure Failover Wizard. Tap or click Next.
3. Next, you need to specify the partner server to use for failover. Tap or click Add Server. Use the options in the Add Server dialog box to select the secondary DHCP server for the failover scope, and then tap or click OK. Clear the Reuse Existing Failover Relationships check box, and then tap or click Next to continue.
4. On the Create A New Failover Relationship page, shown in Figure 8-11, use the Mode list to set the failover mode as Load Balance or Hot Standby.
FIGURE 8-11 Specify the load balance percentage for the local server and the partner server.
5. If you set the failover mode for Load Balance, use the Load Balance Percentage combo boxes to specify the relative percentage for how to allocate the IP addresses to each of the servers. Here are configuration examples:
■ An 80/20 split works best when you want one server to handle most of the workload and want another server to be available as needed.
■ An 60/40 split works best when you want one server to handle a little more of the workload than the other, but you want both servers to have regular workloads.
■ A 50/50 split works best when you want to evenly balance the load between two servers.
6. If you set the failover mode to Hot Standby, set the role of the partner as either Active or Standby and then specify the relative percentage of IP addresses to reserve. By default, 5 percent of the IP addresses are reserved for the standby server.