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counsel n

adj special, legal, chief, outside, senior, corporate noun office^ house^ president, defense^ ·law, independents, deputy^ generaL, investigation, committee verb appoint, seeL, ·investigate, servev represent, offer, name, hire», advise, act 9055 | 0.90 S

associate n

adj senior, close, closest, longtime, consulting, financial, junior, regional, postdoctoral, long-time noun research, business^ friend,, ·degree, family^ presidents, company, consultant, ·professor, survey verb earn^ engage, hire, cope, conduct, complete, design, consult, ·clean, contacts 8772 | 0.93 N

major n

26. Variation in past tense forms

English has variation with forms of the simple past (he dived/dove into the pool) and past participle (he had proved/proven his point). The variant A in the following tables is the most frequent form in these pairs, and the rightmost column (A+B) shows the total number of tokens for both A and B in the corpus. Note that in some cases, the raw frequency masks semantic differences between the two forms, such as he shined the shoes (transitive) / the sun shone brightly (intransitive).

Simple past (he dove/dived into the pool) Л B

%A

A+B

learned

learnt

1.00

22105

drank

drunk

1.00

5522

sank

sunk

0.99

3315

forbade

forbad

0.99

544

spilled

spilt

0.98

1213

hung

hanged

0.97

8514

burned

burnt

0.95

3970

lit

lighted

0.94

3896

thrived

throve

0.93

708

knelt

kneeled

0.91

1917

dreamed

dreamt

0.86

2759

strove

strived

0.85

317

shone

shined

0.83

1954

sprang

sprung

0.81

2303

wove

weaved

0.75

683

bade

bid

0.74

338

spat

spit

0.67

863

dove

dived

0.65

832

shrank

shrunk

0.62

904

knitted

knit

0.59

121

leaped

leapt

0.57

2942

stunk

stank

0.55

472

sneaked

snuck

0.54

1086

adj English, double, open, professional, retired, liberal, female, declared, prospective, triple noun ·league, education^ ·general, player, college, minister^ science, sergeants, undergraduate^ music verb winv involve, play, leadv report, command, offer, retire^ face, pitch 8758 | 0.93 N

3247 distinguish v

noun ·type, group, ability., difference, characteristic, feature, .form, .reality, .species, factor., .object, quality, attempt., behavior, approach misc .from, .between, .other, .themselves, able., difficult., clearly 9045 | 0.90 A

3248 menu n

Past participle (he had proved / proven his point) Л B

%A

A+B

swelled

swollen

1.00

783

thrived

thriven

1.00

286

learned

learnt

0.99

21522

forgotten

forgot

0.99

9965

woven

weaved

0.99

1525

struck

stricken

0.99

7257

shrunk

shrunken

0.98

1043

spilled

spilt

0.98

1166

shown

showed

0.97

31298

forbidden

forbade

0.97

2209

shaved

shaven

0.97

755

sown

sowed

0.95

364

dreamed

dreamt

0.93

2373

lit

lighted

0.91

3999

woken

waked

0.89

604

burned

burnt

0.89

6606

beaten

beat

0.89

5643

hung

hanged

0.88

5912

lied

lay

0.88

1367

mowed

mown

0.88

148

knelt

kneeled

0.87

76

bitten

bit

0.86

1398

got

gotten

0.85

144451

bid

bidden

0.84

232

sheared

shorn

0.81

469

shone

shined

0.79

189

spit

spat

0.74

473

sewn

sewed

0.73

1000

sawed

sawn

0.71

124

knit

knitted

0.68

320

striven

strived

0.66

146

sneaked

snuck

0.57

301

laid

lain

0.56

9191

leaped

leapt

0.55

328

proved

proven

0.51

9516

adj regular, tasting, full, vegetarian, main, extensive noun item, restaurant, dinner, dish, option, start., food, lunch., choice, bar verb .include, offer, feature, serve, choose, create, plan., order, read, list 9251 | 0.88 N

awful j

noun lot, thing, time, day, place, truth, moment, night, feeling, noise, news, stuff misc there, feel, something, happen, sound, pretty, spend

8718 | 0.93 S F

wound n

adj old, self-inflicted, deep, gaping, bleeding, multiple, surgical, fatal, mortal, emotional noun gunshot, head, healing, war, blood, bullet, stabv puncture^, body verb heal, inflict, diev suffer, open, lick, treat, clean, close, cause 8617 | 0.94 F

manufacturing n

adj light, computer-aided, Japanese, advanced, chemical, high-tech, traditional noun company, ·job, ·process, ·sector, ·plant, industry, design, technology, ·facility, service verb lose, develop, employ, decline, improve, ·rise, outsource, ·account, own, eliminate 9280 | 0.88 A

consumption n

adj high, human, low, conspicuous, domestic, total, public, increased, mass, personal noun energy^ alcohoL, production, fueL, food, level, oil, pattern, percent, water verb reduce^, increase, cut, rise, limit, encourage, relate, ·decline, decrease, lower 9339 | 0.87 A

permission n

adj written, prior, special, parental, official, following, express, explicit noun ·information, parent, government, ·publisher, request, ·slip, court, author, department, form verb givev ask, get, reprint, use, grant, obtain, needv receive^, seek 8552 | 0.95

twelve m

·year, ·hour, ten, ·old, ·month, ·day, about, ·ago, ·foot, age^, ·hundred, ·later, ·thousand, ·thirteen

8836 | 0.92 F