food service, women workers in, 213, 262
For Bravery medal, 242
For Life, 304
Ford Foundation, 307
Foreign Affairs, 300
Forsyth, James, 48
foster care, 132
46th Guards Night Bomber Regiment, 240–41
France, 65, 84, 107, 109; divorce rate in, 206; feminism in, 110; gender ideas in, 68; property rights of women in, 39; prostitution laws in, 143; socialism in, 125; women in labor force of, 139, 213, 267
Free Association of Feminist Organizations, 283
Free Economic Society, 98
Freeze, Gregory, 91, 151
French Revolution, 78, 85
Frolova, A., 281
FSU (Former Soviet Union), xxiv; economic developments for women in, 286–90; gender ideas of, 290–94; political developments for women in, 294–303; public opinion in, 309– 13; women’s activism in, 303–309
Furtseva, Elena, 255, 262
Gafarova, Elmira, 280
Gagarin, Yuri, 256, 257
Galicia, 19, 54
Gan, Elena, 96
Gapon, Georgi, 169
Gapova, Elena, 288
Gasprali, Ismail Ben, 177
Gayer, Evdokia, 284
Gelman, Polina, 240
gender values and norms in Russian history, xiii–xvii, 23, 24; 900–1462, 1, 10–12, 17, 23–24; 1462–1695, 25–26, 32–35, 45–46, 55–56, 63; 1695–1855, 64, 65–68, 79, 80–83, 85–90; 1855– 1914, 149–51, 153–54, 159; 1914–30, 197, 200–202, 205–209; 1930–53, 211–12, 221–23, 243–44, 247–49; 1953–91, 253, 255–56, 260, 272–73; after 1991, 287, 289, 290–94, 316, 317, 318. See also cult of domesticity; division of labor, gendered; fatherhood, ideals of; motherhood, ideals of
Georgian Orthodox Church, 274, 283
German Social-Democratic Party, 174–75, 190, 198
Germanic peoples, gender values of, 6, 13, 14
German states, 97; property rights of women in, 39; witchcraft persecution in, 41
Germans: in Russian Empire, 100, 177; in Soviet Union, 251
Germany, 290; divorce rate in 1920s of, 206; East, 258, 278; education in, 117–18, 129; Nazi, 229; women in labor force of, 136, 213; World War I with, 180, 184–85, 188, 189; World War II with, 236–38, 247
Ginzburg, Evgenia, 235–36, 251, 252, 264, 276
Giza-Poleszczuk, Ann, 275
Glagoleva, Olga, 81
glasnost, 277–78
glass ceiling, 262
Glickman, Rose, 136, 179
Glinskaia, Elena, 37
Godunov, Boris, 27, 50–51
Godunova, Irina, 49–50
Godunova, Maria, 49–50
Golden Horde. See Mongols Goldman, Wendy, 220
Golitsyn, Vasili, 59, 61
Gomel, 152
Goncharova, Natalia, 164, 181
Goodman of Paris, 36
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 277–79, 291, 297, 298, 301
Goricheva, Tatiana, 277
Gosplan, 212
governesses, 74, 147
Govorukhina, A., 281
Grand Duchess, defined, xxii, 324n13
grandmothers, 288
Great Britain, 187; Crimean War with, 84, 109; employment of women in, 139; enlistment of women in military of (during World War II), 238; feminism in, 110; layoffs of women after World War II in, 250; marriage law in, 79; settlement houses in, 162; university education for women in, 146–47; women’s activism in, 167–68, 172, 179; Women’s Christian Temperance Union in, 172; women in post-war labor force of, 267
Greece, 8, 53, 267
Grigoreva, Nastasia, 20
Gripenberg, Alexandra, 176
Grossmann, Vasili, 243–44
Grot, Natalia, 149–50
Guerrier Courses, 146
Gulag, 251, 254, 284, 331n35; relatives of prisoners in, 234–35, 241, 276; women in, 231–35, 251
Gullenstierna, Kersten, 59
Gurevich, Liubov, 170
gymnasia, 117–18. See also education
Hamilton, Mrs., 77
handcrafts, women in manufacture and sale of: 1492–1695, 41; 1855–1917, 116, 128, 131, 133, 142, 161; 1917–30, 204; 1953–91, 284; after 1991, 289
Hanim, Shefika, 178
Harrison, Mark, 237
Harry Potter novels, 314
healers, village, 43, 130
heavy industry, 212, 213, 220; women in, 252
Hellie, Richard, 30, 31
Helsingfors University, 176
Helsinki Federation on Human Rights, 306
Helsinki Watch Moscow, 306
Hemment, Julie, 303–304
Hendrix, Jimi, 263
Herlihy, Patricia, 172–73
Hero of the Soviet Union medal, 240, 242
higher education. See education: higher
Hindu, 85
historiography on women in Russia, xxiii–xxv
Hitler, Adolf, 236, 247, 251
Holy League, 61
Holy Roman Empire, 61
homosexuality, 103; 206, 229, 233
honor, conceptions of: for men, 53, 201, 275; for women, 33, 35–37, 56–57, 110, 128–29, 201
Honorable Mirror of Youth, The, 68
Hope Abandoned, Mandelshtam, 276
Hope Against Hope, Mandelshtam, 276
hours laws (1885), 137
housekeeping. See housework housewives: 1855–1914, 142, 145–46; 1914–30, 205, 247; 1953–91, 267, 269
housework: 900–1462, 5–6; 1695–1855, 107; 1855–1914, 130, 135, 138, 139–42, 145–46, 150, 155; 1914–30, 197–98; 1930–1953, 211, 223, 250, 252; 1953–91, 253, 260, 267–69, 275; after 1991, 291, 310, 311. See also division of labor, gendered; double shift
housing: 900–1462, 4; 1462–1695, 29, 31; 1695–1855, 99; 1855–1914, 135, 139–41; 1914–30, 162, 168, 205, 206; 1930–1953, 212, 220, 246, 249; 1953–91, 253, 263, 264–66, 267; after 1991, 320
How I Tried to Get Into the Duma Honestly, Arbatova, 302
hromada societies, 154
Hungary, 6, 258
husbands, powers and duties of: 900–1462, 2, 12, 13, 17, 20; 1462– 1695, 28, 32, 34–35, 38–39; 1695–1855, 64, 79–82, 89–91; 1855–1914, 128–29, 150–51; 1914–30, 175, 191; 1930–1953, 221, 225; 1953–91, 272, 274–75; after 1991, 292
Hygiene of the Female Organism, The, Kashevarova-Rudneva, 121, 122
Iacheistova, Liudmila, 291
Iakovleva, mother of Anna Labzina, 81
Iaroslav, Prince of Kiev, 3
Iaroslavl, 256; lawsuits by women in, 128
Igor, Prince of Kiev, 9
Iguminshcheva, peasant, 102
Ilushin-2, 242
Independent Women’s Democratic Initiative, 283
Independent Women’s Forum, 304
industrial labor force, women in: 1855–1914, 113, 136–41, 144, 168; 1914–30, 195; 1930–53, 159, 213, 245, 247; 1953–91, 261. See also factory workers, women as
Industrial Revolution. See industrialization
industrialization: 1855–1914, 112, 136, 152; 113, 129–30, 131, 145, 152, 156; 1914–30, 195; 1930–1953, xv–xvi; 159, 238. See also First Five-Year Plan; industrial labor force, women in
infanticide, 135
Ingeborg, Queen of Denmark, 7
Ingush, 252
inheritance law: 900–1462, 12–13, 19–20; 1462–1695, 38–39; 1695–1855, 79–80; 1855–1914, 128, 175; 1914–30, 203. See also marriage law
institutes. See boarding schools
Institute of the Food Industry, 220
Institute of Socioeconomic Population Problems, 283
Intellectual and Moral Development of Children from the First Appearance of Consciousness to School Age, Vodovozova, 164
intelligentsia, xxiv; 1695–1855, 65, 75, 84, 95–97, 109, 110, 111; 1855–1914, 115, 123, 125, 156, 200; 1890–1914, 163, 164, 167, 172, 176, 177–78; 1914–30, 198, 200; 193–53, 251; 1953–91, 261, 264, 276–77; after 1991, 306, 309, 314, 317. See also dissidents; emancipation of women