Iran, 108; reforms for women in, 201, 273, 292
Irkutsk, privileged women in, 155
Ishigh, 178
Islam, 1, 20, 46, 292; critique of patriarchalism of, 177–78; women’s role in, 274, 295
Itelmens, 46
Iuri I, Prince of Moscow, 22–3
Iushkova, Varvara, 95
Ivan III, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 37
Ivan IV, 27, 37, 38, 45, 50
Ivan V, 60, 67
Ivan VI, 69, 72
Ivan, son of Avvakum, 52
Ivanovo Committee of Single-Parent Families, 304
Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 192; women in soviets of, 170
Izmailovo, 58
Jadidists, 177–78
Japan, 114, 169, 172; engineering gender values in, 65
Jews, xiii; 1695–1855, 92; 1855–1914, 145, 148, 152–53, 173; 1930–53, 225, 229, 235–36, 247, 251; 1953–91, 276
Joan of Arc, 49
Johanna, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst, 70
Johanson, Christine, 118
journalism, women in: 1855–1914, 115, 149, 159, 163, 164, 170, 174, 177–78; 1914–30, 193, 209; 1930–53, 213, 232, 235; 1953–91, 253, 260, 271, 281–82; after 1991, 301–302
Journey into the Whirlwind, Ginzburg, 236
judges, 302; and cases involving women, 37, 44; 79, 80; 128–29; women as, 262
Juliana, Princess of Moscow, 25
Kabakov, Ilia, 265, 266
Kadets, 182
Kalmyks, 251
Kamp, Marianne, 202
Karachais, 251
Karelina, Vera, 168, 169
Kashevarov, Nikolai, 120
Kashevarova-Rudneva, Varvara, 119–22, 130, 164
Kashirina, Akulina, 142
Katenina, L., 137
Katerinka, 43–45
Kazakhstan, xxii, 286; women in, 200, 288, 290
Kazan, 45; higher women’s courses in, 118, 146; Muslim reformers in, 178
Kazan University, 118, 235
Kelly, Catriona, 145
Kemshils, 251
Kerimov, Agahan, 226
Kerimova, Firuza, 226–28
KGB, 277
Khainovskaia, Elena, 309, 312, 314
Khainovskaia, Tatiana, 293, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315
Kharkov, 234; gender studies program in, 304; higher women’s courses in, 118, 146
Khetagurova, Valentina, 224
Khetagurovite Campaign, 224–25, 226, 229
Khrushchev, Nikita, 256, 258, 277; and Tereshkova, 256; and the woman question, 254–55, 271, 274, 279
Khrushcheva, Elena, 53
Khrushcheva, Nina, 255–56
Khvoshchinskaia, Nadezhda, 96
Khvoshchinskaia, Sophia, 93, 96
Kiev, city of: 900–1462, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15; 1462–1695, 61; 1855–1914, 152, 170; 1953–91, 271; after 1991 (Kyiv), 292, 300; civic organizations in, 303, 304; higher women’s courses in, 118, 146; and Kiev University, 118
Kievan Rus, 316, 317; merchant women in, 5; peasant women in, 3–4; as period in Russian history, 2–14; warrior-elite in, 2–4; warrior-elite, women in, 5–7
Kineshma, 181
King George IV, 187
Kireevskaia, Maria, 44
Kirov Ballet, 264
Kirov, Sergei, 227
Kivelson, Valerie, 43, 44
Kollmann, Nancy, 16, 26
Kollontai, Alexandra, 180, 208, 281; in 1917, 188, 189–90; as Commissar of Social Welfare, 191; as head of Zhenotdel, 192, 196; at Woman’s Congress, 174, 175
Kolyma, 236
kommunalka, 264–66
Komsomol, 203–204, 256; women in, 219, 223–25, 239, 240, 241
Konchaka, Princess, 22, 23
Konstantinova, Valentina, 283
Koraks, 47, 228
Korea, 114
Korsini, Maria, 88, 96
Korzh, Zinaida, 249
Kostroma, women in, 137, 181
Kovalevskaia, Sofia, 165, 166–67
Kramer, Henrich, 42
Krasnodar, 215, 220
Kravits, Lidia, 244
Kremlin: defined, 323n18; as political center in Moscow, 26, 57, 60, 62, 230, 279, 281; women’s palace in, 37, 61
Krest’ ianka, 203, 204, 254, 271
Krylova, Anna, 238
Kuchma, Leonid, 300
Kuczalska-Reinschmidt, Paulina, 177
kulaks, 214, 216, 229, 231, 235
kulturnost, 222, 263
Kurds, 251
kursistka, 118. See also education: higher
Kursk, battle of, 237
Kuznetsova, Larisa, 281
Kyiv. See Kiev, city of
Kyrgyzstan, xxii, 286; women in, 200
Labzina, Anna, 81–82, 92, 99, 104
lace-makers, women as, 131
Ladies Charitable Societies, 94
Lake Baikal, 47, 108
Land and Liberty, 125. See also populists
Land Code of 1922, 203
landowning: 900–1462, 4, 16, 19–20; 1462–1695, 38–39; 1695–1855, 64, 79–80; 1930–1953, 214. See also emancipation of the serfs; serfdom
Lapteva, P., 135
Latin America, 202
Latvia, xiii, 286; annexation of, 108; industrialization in, 152; serfdom in, 109
laundresses, 138, 180; unions of, 170, 183
law. See Catholicism; crime; divorce; English: laws regarding women; Family Law Code; Great Britain: marriage law in; inheritance law; marriage law
lawyers, 114; women as, 262
League for the Emancipation from Sexual Stereotypes, 283
League for Women’s Equal Rights, 173, 175, 183
League of women Voters, 307
Lebedev, Klavdi, 21
Left Socialist Revolutionary Party, 188
Lenin, Vladimir, 183, 188, 190, 192; attitude toward women’s emancipation of, 196
Leningrad, 233, 244, 246, 255, 264, 277; blockade of, 247; women in labor force of, 245. See also Petrograd; St. Petersburg
lesbianism. See homosexuality
Levine, Isaac Don, 187
librarians, women as, 147, 190
Lida, 269
life estates, 19–20, 38
life expectancy, 290
Lindenmeyr, Adele, 94
Lipovskaia, Olga, 291
lishentsy, 204–205
literacy: 900–1462, 5, 23; 1462–1695, 57, 58; 1695–1855, 94; 1855–1914, 116, 144; 1914–30, 159, 200, 204, 205; 1930–53, 217
Literaturnaia gazeta, 254
Lithuanian Catholic Women’s League 177
Lithuanian Women’s Organization, 176–77
Lithuania, xiii; after 1985, 278, 280, 286; annexation of, 108; rulers of Grand Duchy of, 15, 18–19, 22; serfdom in, 100, 109; women in, 151, 152, 176–77, 297
Litviiak, Lilia, 241, 243
Liuda, 290
London, 5
Lopukhina, Evdokia, 62, 67
Louis XIV, 65
Lukashenko, Alexander, 308, 314
Lukianivka, 299
Lunacharskii, Anatoli, 207
Lutheranism, 70, 92, 283
Magadan, 236, 251
magic, 29, 42, 43, 45, 106–107
Makarova, Natalia, 264
Malakhova, Vera, 239
Malfrid, Queen of Norway, 7
Malleus maleficarum, Kramer and Sprenger, 42
Mammed-Quizadeh, Jirza-Jalil, 178
Mamonova, Tatiana, 277
Manchester, England, 137
Mandelshtam, Nadezhda, 276
Mandelshtam, Osip, 276
Marfa, mother of Tsar Michael, 51
Marfa Nagaia, wife of Ivan IV, 50–51
Maria, Empress, 85–86, 94
Maria, Princess of Moscow, 28
Maria, Tsarevna, 58, 64, 67
Maria, Tsaritsa, 37, 54, 58
marital separation, 13–14, 151, 175. See also divorce
market riots, 181
market vendors, women as: 900–1462, 5; 1462–1695, 29; 1695–1855, 107; 1855–1914, 138; 1930–55, 216; after 1991, 288, 289
Marody, Mira, 275
Marrese, Michelle Lamarche, 80
marriage: 900–1462, 1, 5–6, 18; 1462–1695, 28–29, 37, 39–40, 44, 47, 48, 50, 53–54, 61; 1695–1855, 67, 70, 75, 80–81, 87, 102–103; 1855–1914, 134, 151; 1914–30, 175, 177, 207–209; 1930–53, 244, 248; 1953–91, 273; after 1991, 290–91. See also divorce; marriage law