Romania, 258
romantic love. See marriage
Rome, 9, 25
Rostov-na-Donu, 19; servants unions in, 170
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 75, 82
royal women. See noblewomen Rozanova, Olga, 164, 181
Rudnev, Mikhail, 122
Rukh, 284
rural labor force. See peasants; peasant women
rusalki, 106
Russian Academy, 76, 78
Russian Academy of Sciences, 165
Russian Association of Crisis Centers for Women, 305
Russian Orthodox Church, 9, 15, 325n45; clergy of, 10, 12, 29, 35, 41, 98, 215; conversion to, 4, 9–10; dioscesan schools, 117, 129; missionary activities of, 156; popular belief and, 34–35, 63; teachings of, 10–12, 42, 295; women’s patronage of, 12, 18. See also marriage law; nuns; Old Believers; restore-the-church movement; women’s spirituality
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, xxi, 153, 183, 187; and women, 168, 174, 175, 179, 189, 190, 197
Russian Women’s Mutual Philanthropic Society, 168, 170, 173
Russification, 153
Russo-Japanese War, 114, 169
Ruthchild, Rochelle, xi, 172, 176
Sajudis, 284, 297
Sakha. See Yakuts
Sakharov, Andrei, 276
salespeople, 139, 205, 268
salons, 95
Saltykov, Sergei, 72
Saltykova, Daria, 98–99
Samara, market riot in, 181
same-sex love. See homosexuality
Samoilova, Konkordia, 180
San Francisco Examiner, 298
Sappho-Petersburg, 305
Satan, 22, 53; in peasant women’s spirituality, 106; and witches, 42
Scandinavians: connections to Rus, 1, 6; folklore of, 7; women’s property rights among, 13, 39
scholars, women as: 1855–1914, 149, 159, 164–65; 1953–91, 260–61, 283; after 1991, 304, 307
seamstresses, 138, 152–53, 326n40
seclusion of women, 26, 35–36, 178, 201
second-wave feminism, xxiii, 260, 262, 291, 318
seigniorial serfs. See serfdom
Semashko, Nikolai, 207
Semenova Tian-Shanskaia, Olga, 129
Senate, Imperial, 79
serfdom: functioning of, 64, 73, 84, 97–105, 108–109, 325n45; origins of, 25, 27–28; and women as serf owners, 98–99. See also division of labor, gendered; emancipation of the serfs; peasant women
Serikova, Anastasia, 215
sex workers. See prostitution
sexuality: conceptions of female, 10–11, 42; conceptions of male: 34, 106–107
sexual relations: and clergy, 11, 41; regulation of (900–1462), 14; regulation of (1695–1855), 91, 103. See also rape
sexual relations, extramaritaclass="underline" 1462– 1695, 31; 1695–1855, 98, 103; 1855–1914, 135, 163–64; 1914–30, 206–207, 108–109; 1930–53, 233, 244, 250; 1953–91, 273
Shabanova, Anna, 168, 173, 184, 198
Shakhidki, 302–303
Shakhovskaia, Evgenia, 180
shamans, 46; women as, 47, 156, 274, 287
Shepkina, Ekaterina, 170
Shevardnadze, Edvard, 278
Shikheeva-Gaister, Inna, 231
Shishkina-Iavein, Poliksena, 183, 198
shopping, 263, 268–69
Shtange, Galina, 221
Shulman, Elena, 224
Shulz, Vera, 233
Shurupova, 208
Siberia, 127, 267; collectivization in, 215, 216, 228–29; conquest of, 46–48; migration into, 108, 154, 229; native peoples of, xiii, 31–32, 34, 108, 225, 272–74; women of European ethnicities in, 155, 165, 200–201, 288. See also Khetagurovite Campaign; native women of Siberia; Terror, the
Simon, Metropolitan, 11
single women: 1855–1914, 116, 132, 138, 142, 147, 160, 168; 1914–30, 184, 193, 206; 1930–53, 216, 248–29; 1953–91, 216; after 1991, 288, 304. See also tsarevny
Skavronska, Martha. See Catherine I
slavery: 900–1462, 2, 5, 17; 1462–1695, 29–31, 32, 36, 53; abolition of, 65; women in, 30–31
Slavophilism, 95
Sleptsov, Vasili, 124
SMERSH, 242
Smolensk, 19, 241
Smolny Institite, 94; and Catherine the Great: 74–75, 83; graduates of, 88, 93, 96
Social Bases of the Woman Question, The, Kollontai, 174
socialists: and feminists, 124–25, 173–75; and woman question, 153, 158, 168, 171; female, 125–26, 159, 163, 187–88. See also Bolshevik Party; German Social-Democratic Party; populists; Russian Social Democratic Labor Party; Socialist Revolutionary Party
Socialist International, 158
Socialist Revolutionary Party, xxi, 197, 204; in 1917, 182; women in, 153, 175, 188, 190, 234
social services: 1855–1914, 114, 139, 156, 161; 1914–30, 159, 191, 193, 195, 206; 1930–53, 211, 212, 216, 217, 218, 225, 252; 1953–91, 253–54, 255, 258, 259, 260, 268, 269, 276, 279, 318; after 1991, 287, 290, 295, 296, 307, 309, 311
Society for Cheap Lodgings, 116
sodomy, 229
Sokhanskaia, Nadezhda, 93
Sokovnins, 53
soldatki, 181, 245
Sondak, Ekaterina, 289, 309, 311, 312, 314
Sondak, Irina, 311, 312, 315
Sondak, Mikhail, 289
Sophia, Princess and Regent, 58, 59–63
Sophia Paleologus, tsaritsa, 37
Sophia Vitovtovna, Princess of Moscow, 18–19, 20, 25
Sorbonne, 165
sorcery. See magic; witchcraft
soul tax, 65
South America, 172
Sovetskii sport, 275
soviets: before 1917, 138, 179; in 1917, 182, 183, 189
Soviet period of Russian history, general history of, 158; 1917–21, 191–92; 1921–30, 194–95, 205–206; 1930–53, 211–12, 213–14, 229–30, 236–37, 249–51; 1953–91: 253, 254, 258, 277–79. See also activism of women; Bolshevik feminists; Bolshevik Party; Communist Party of the Soviet Union; gender values and norms in Russian history; Terror, the; World War II
Soviet period of Russian history, rural women in: 1917–21, 192–93; 1921–30, 103–104; 1930–53, 214–18; 1953–91, 270–72
Soviet period of Russian history, urban women in: 1917–21, 192–93; 1921–30, 194–95, 204–209; 1930–53, 211–12, 218, 220–25; 1953–91, 261–70
Soviet period of Russian history, women of the Caucasus in: 1930–53, 226–28; 1953–91, 272–74;
Soviet period of Russian history, women of Central Asia in: 1921–30, 200–202; 1930–53, 226; 1953–91, 272–74;
Soviet period of Russian history, women of Siberia in: 1930–53, 228–29; 1953–91, 272–74
Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Soviet Women’s Committee, 279, 282–83, 285, 296, 308
special settlements, 214, 229
Sperling, Valerie, 261
Spiridonova, Maria, 188, 190
Sprenger, Jacob, 42
St. Petersburg: 1695–1855, 69, 70; 1855–1915, 120, 164, 169, 329n38, 294; demographics of, 112, 132, 134, 135, 144, 151; foundation of, 66; women’s activism in, 95, 116, 118, 119, 123–25, 138, 146, 162, 168, 169–70, 171, 173, 178, 179, 303, 304; women’s lives in, 74, 78. See also Leningrad; Petrograd
St. George’s Cross, 185, 187
St. Ivan Kupala, 103
St. Paraskeva, 55
Stalin, Joseph, 220, 221, 236, 261, 288, 318; accomplishments of, 211; death of, 251; during World War II, 237, 242; policy reversals following death of, 253, 254, 255, 258–59; public opinion about, 218, 221, 251; and repression, 212, 213–15, 229–32, 237, 251, 268, 276, 284; rise to power of, 209
Stalingrad, 237, 241, 243
Starovoitova, Galina, 290–91
Stasov, Vasili, 116