Stasova, Nadezhda, 115–16, 168
state peasants. See serfdom Stepanova, 266
steppe, 1, 99, 215, 233
Stock Exchange News, The, 116
Stoliarova, Liubov, 234
streltsy, 60, 62
strikes, 137, 169, 170, 171, 176, 278
strikes, women as participants in: 1855–1914, 138, 168, 169, 170, 179; 1914–17, 181; 1930–53, 230–31
Stroganova, Sophia, 98–99
Subhankulova-Alibeova, Hadija Hanim, 178
suffrage movement. See suffrage
suffrage: universal, 169, 171; women’s, 168, 171, 172, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179
Sultanova, Anna, 227
Sultan-Zade, Rabia khanum, 201, 227
Sumarokova, Ekaterina, 95
Sunday schools, 116, 144, 162
Surikov, Vasili, 52
Suuymbike, 328n29
Suzdal, 15, 18, 40
Sviatoslav, Prince of Kiev, 9, 10, 14
Sweden, 73, 165, 176; women in paid-xlabor force of, 213
switchboard operators, 149
Switzerland, 119
tailors, 326n40
Tajikistan, xxii, 286; women in, 200
Tambov, 214; lawcases involving women in, 128
Tarnovskii, Veniamin, 120
Tashkent: women’s regiments in, 184; women in 1970s in, 272
Tatars, 45, 177, 228
Tatarstan, organizing by women in, 284
Taurida Palace, 183
Taylor, Harriet, 110, 114
Tbilisi: European women in, 156; higher education courses in, 146; women’s unions in, 170
teachers, 114, 248
teachers, women as: 1855–1914, xv, 117, 147, 148, 152, 155, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 209; 1914–30, 190; 1930–53, 224, 228, 236, 245, 271, 288, 309, 310, 315
temperance movement, 172–73
Tereshkova, Valentina, 255–57
Terror, the, 276; causes of, 229–30; definition of, 229; gender and, 230–31; NKVD and, 231–32; relaxation of, 253. See also Gulag
textile workers, women as: 1855–1914, 131, 136, 137, 138, 139–41, 168, 170, 197, 203; 1914–30, 158; 1930–53, 213; 1953–91, 255, 256, 262
Right to Be Yourself, The, Arbatova, 302
theater: women’s attendance at, 144, 145, 150, 152; women’s participation in, 149, 163–64, 264; women’s patronage of, 67, 69, 78, 155, 156, 162
Thyrêt, Isolde, 37
Tiflis. See Tbilisi Time of Troubles, 27, 49, 51
tobacco workers, 136, 170
Tohidi, Nayereh, 274
Tolstoi, D. A., 118, 119
Tomsk, higher courses in, 146
tractor drivers, women as: 1930–53, 217–18, 219, 224, 245, 250; 1953–91, 271, 281
traders, women as. See entrepreneurs, women as
trade unions. See unions
Treivas, Fruma, 221, 231–32
Trotsky, Lev, 196, 207
Trubnikova, Maria, 115, 116
Trud, 254
tsarevny, 37–38, 61, 324n13
tsaritsy, 54, 58, 63, 324n13; elevation of, 37–38
Tula, salon in, 95
Tungus, 48, 155; women of, 47, 108, 156
Tur, Evgenia, 115
Turgenev, Ivan, 115, 123, 233.
Turkey, 73; gender reform in, 201, 273
Turkmen, 273
Turkmenistan, xxii, 286; women of, 200, 273
Tuscany, 316
Tver, 139; women in, 95, 102, 294, 304
Tver Center for Women’s History and Gender Studies, 307
Tvorchestvo, 304
Tymoshenko Bloc, 300
Tymoshenko, Oleksandr, 299
Tymoshenko, Yulia, 296, 297, 299, 300–301
Udaltsova, Nadezhda, 164
Uglich, 2, 4, 50
Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 283
Ukraine, xxii, 61, 99, 279, 285; annexation of, 45, 108; collectivization in, 215; emancipation of serfs in, 127; politics of (after 1991), 286, 295, 301; World War II in, 236, 237, 249, 251
Ukraine, women in: 1462–1695, 45–46; 1695–1855, 108; 1855–1914, 152, 177; 1914–30, 195; 1930–53, 218, 234, 235, 239, 242, 245, 247; 1953–91, 270, 283; after 1991, 287, 289, 295, 301, 304, 305. See also Tymoshenko, Yulia
Ulozhenie of 1649, 27, 39, 79
Umniagina, Tamara, 249
unemployment of women: 1855–1914, 138, 144; in 1920s, 195; in 1930s, 212; after 1991, 287, 310, 314
Uniate Church, 283
Union for Women’s Equality, 177
Union of Committees of Soldiers Mothers, 284, 305
Union of Equal Rights, 170–72, 173, 177
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, xxii, xxiv, 202, 236, 258, 271; creation of, 194. See also Soviet period of Russian history
Union of women of Russia, 296, 308
unions, 137, 168, 170, 171, 205; women in, 1855–1914: 138, 169–70, 179; 1914–30, 183, 197, 203
United Nations Women’s Conference of 1995. See Beijing, United Nations Women’s Conference in
United States, 108, 115, 187, 208, 237, 263, 273, 290, 306, 308; and Cold War, 253, 258, 278; enlistment of women in military of, during World War II, 238; gender values in, 85, 255–56, 258, 259–60; historiography in, xxiii–xiv; nineteenth-century feminism in, 110, 122; second-wave feminism in, 260, 307; women’s activism in, 1855–1914, 162, 167, 168, 171, 172; women in paid-labor force of, 138, 147, 213, 250, 262
University of Moscow, 69
University of Stockholm, 165
Unveiling Campaign, 200–202
Urals, 127
urbanization, 112. See also cities; industrialization; migrant workers; working-class women
Urusova, Ekaterina, 95
Uzbek, Khan of the Mongols, 22
Uzbekistan, xxii, 214, 286; women in, 215, 274, 295. See also Unveiling Campaign
V kontakte, 314
Valuisky, 121
Vasili I, Prince of Moscow, 23, 24
Vasili II, Prince of Moscow, 20, 24, 25
Vasili III, Tsar, 26–27, 37
Vasili Shuiskii, Tsar, 50
Vasilkovskii, Grigori, 221, 232
veche, 22
Venetian Republic, 61
Verkhovna Rada, 297
Vernadskaia, Maria, 110, 114, 178
Verxoslava, Princess of Kiev, 11
Vichuga, arrest of female strikers in, 230–31
Victoria, Queen, 87
Vilnius, 118, 152, 278
Virgin Mary, 13, 85, 106
Vladimir, city of, 19, 22
Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev, 3, 10, 12, 14
Vladimir Monomakh, 7, 8
Vodovozova, Elizaveta, 164
Volga Germans, 251
Volga River, 18
Vologda Mothers for the Morality of Children, 310
Volovich, Hava, 232
volunteerism. See philanthropy, women in
Volynia, 19
Voronezh, 121
Vorontsov family, 76
Vostok 6, 258
votchina, 38–39, 79
Voznesenskaia, Julia, 277
Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 24
wages, women’s: 1855–1914, 136, 137, 139, 185; 1914–30, 193; 1930–53, 211, 220, 245; 1953–91, 253, 258, 259, 62, 268, 270; after 1991, 287, 309, 311
Wagner, William, 90–91
waitresses, 138
Wales, nationalists of and cult of domesticity, 85
Walter, Anton, 236
Warsaw, 109, 152, 242; women in (1855–1914), 134, 145, 146, 165
“Week Like Any Other Week, A,” Baranskaia, 269–70
Weierstrass, Karl, 165
Western Europe, xiv, 289, 300; double-shift in, 267; early-modern developments in: 57–58; education of females in, 119; foreign policy of Russia toward, 65; gender values of, 36, 64, 65, 68, 80, 82–83, 155, 255–56, 259–60, 317; historiography in, xxiv; influence in Russia, xvii, 12, 17, 85–89, 290, 318; law in, 13; noblewomen in, 7, 17, 20, 57; peasants in, 131; slavery in, 29–30; social benefits in, 259; urban women in: 94, 107, 267; witchcraft persecutions in, 41–42, 44–45; women’s movement in, 260, 282, 284, 291; women in paid-labor force in, 261, 262;