What Is To Be Done?, Chernyshevskii, 115, 123
white-collar workers, men as, 275
white-collar workers, women as: 1855–1914, 146–49, 170; 1914–30, 195; 1930–53, 252; 1953–91, 261–62, 263, 271
Whites, 187, 191
widows: authority of, 2, 23; as nuns, 10, 41; as Old Believers, 53; among the poor, 30, 44–45, 102, 107–108, 128, 145; powers of, 6–7, 13, 20, 38, 39, 80. See also authority of women; inheritance law; wives, powers and duties of
wife-beating, 127, 197, 200
Wilmot, Martha, 78
Wilson, Woodrow, 187
Winter Palace Square, 169
witchcraft, xxiv, 41–45, 57
Within the Whirlwind, Ginzburg, 236
wives, powers and duties of: 900–1462, 5–6, 9–10, 18, 20; 1462–1695, 26, 29, 31–34, 35–40, 47–48; 1695–1855, 75, 80, 88–89, 90–91, 94–95, 101–102; 1855–1914, 146, 153, 155, 175; 1914–30, 191; 1930–53, 212, 222–23; 1953–91, 263–64, 274; after 1991, 293, 294. See also authority of women; cult of domesticity; divorce; inheritance law; marriage law; widows
Woman in the Development of Socialist Society, Novikova, 260
woman question. See emancipation of women
Women and Gender in Central and Eastern Europe, Livzeanu, xxiii Women of the Naval Fleet, 296
Women of Russia Party, 296, 297
women workers. See industrial labor force, women in
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 172
women’s communities, 160–61. See also convents
Women’s Day March, 158, 182. See also Revolution of 1917
women’s emancipation. See emancipation of women
women’s military movement, 184–85
Women’s Party of Lithuania, 297
Women’s Sniper Training School, 240
women’s spirituality, 1, 106–107. See also Christianity
working-class women: 1855–1914, 134–142; during World War I, 180, 190; in 1917, 183; during civil war, 192, 193; in NEP, 199, 203–204, 208; in 1930s, 212–13, 245–46, 261, 271
World Bank, 294–95
World War I, 114, 192, 193; effects on women of, 182, 195, 245; women during, 180–182
World War II, xv, 236–49, 270, 271; aftermath of, for women, 195, 249–51; chronology of, 236–37; consequences of German occupation during, 247; economic conditions during, 246; effects on family life of, 247–49; and women in the countryside, 246–47; and women in the military, 238–44; and women in the urban labor force, 245–46
Worobec, Christine, xi, 43, 128
writers, women as: 1605–1855, 95–97, 123; 1855–1914, 149, 163; 1930–55, 213; 1955–91, 264, 276–77, 282, 284; after 1991, 301–302
Württenberg, 86
Yakuts, 46, 47, 155, 273; women of, 228, 274, 283
Yanukovich, Victor, 8, 19
Yashka, My Life as Peasant, Officer, and Exile, Bochkareva, 186, 187
Yeltsin, Boris: as leader before 1992, 279, 281; as president, 286, 301, 306, 308
Yushchenko, Victor, 300
Yushko, Liudmila, 311–12
Zaitseva, Julia, 208
Zakharova, Natalia, 283
Zambian United Independence Party, 196
Zaslavskaia, Tatiana, 279–80, 297
Zasulich, Vera, 124, 126
Zavisna, 45
Zemliachka, Rozalia, 230
zemstva, 15, 130, 132, 169, 180; establishment of, 113; and feminists, 123, 171
Zetkin, Klara, 175
zhensovety, 255, 279, 282, 303
Zhukovskii, Vasili, 87, 96
Zhytomyr, 299
Ziolkowski, Margaret, 53–54
Zionist, 153
Zurich University, 119
Zygmunt, King of Poland, 27
About the Author
BARBARA EVANS CLEMENTS was born and raised in Richmond, Virginia. She received her B.A. from the University of Richmond and her M.A. and Ph.D. from Duke University. From 1971 to 2000, she was a member of the History Department of the University of Akron, where she taught Russian and European history and did research on the history of women in Russia. Some of her publications are listed in this book’s bibliography. After retirement in 2000, she and her husband Jerry Newman moved to Ellensburg, Washington. In 2004, she decided to change her last name to Newman, but to continue using Clements as her professional name.
Copyright
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Clements, Barbara Evans, 1945-
A history of women in Russia : from earliest times to the present / Barbara Evans Clements.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-253-00097-2 (alkaline paper) — ISBN 978-0-253-00101-6 (pbk. : alkaline paper) — ISBN 9780253001047 (e-book)
1. Women—Russia—History. 2. Women— Soviet Union—History. 3. Women—Russia (Federation)—History. I. Title.
HQ1662.C575 2012
305.40947—dc23 2011045345
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