| Declension of the Cardinal Numbers |
| nom. |
два, две |
|
три |
|
четыре |
|
пять |
| gen. |
двух |
|
трёх |
|
четырёх |
|
пяти |
| dat. |
двум |
|
трём |
|
четырём |
|
пяти |
| acc. |
два, две двух |
|
три трёх |
|
четыре четырёх |
|
пять |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| instr. |
двумя |
|
тремя |
|
четырьмя |
|
пятью |
| loc. |
двух |
|
трёх |
|
четырёх |
|
пяти |
|
| nom. |
восемь |
|
шестьдесят |
|
сорок |
|
девяносто |
| gen. |
восьми |
|
шестьдесяти |
|
сорока |
|
девяноста |
| dat. |
восьми |
|
шестьдесяти |
|
сорока |
|
девяноста |
| acc. |
восемь |
|
шестьдесят |
|
сорок |
|
девяносто |
| instr. |
восьмью восемью |
|
шестьдесятью |
|
сорока |
|
девяноста |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| loc. |
восьми |
|
шестьдесяти |
|
сорока |
|
девяноста |
|
| nom. |
сто |
|
двести |
|
триста |
|
пятьсот |
| gen. |
ста |
|
двухсот |
|
трёхсот |
|
пятисот |
| dat. |
ста |
|
двумстам |
|
трёмстам |
|
пятистам |
| acc. |
сто |
|
двести двухсот |
|
триста трёхсот |
|
пятьсот |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| instr. |
ста |
|
двумястами |
|
тремястами |
|
пятьюстами |
| loc. |
ста |
|
двухстах |
|
трёхстах |
|
пятистах |
This list has been abridged from Russian Root List with a Sketch of Word Formation, second edition, by Charles E. Gribble, and is used with his permission. We have included only those roots that seem most likely to appear in mathematical writing. Anyone who has occasion to read widely in Russian mathematical literature is advised to obtain the complete book. It is available from Slavica Publishers, Inc., P.O. Box 14388, Columbus, Ohio, 43214.
Russian words are composed of the following components: prefixes, roots, suffixes, and endings. Technically, each inflected word may be broken down into a stem plus an ending. The ending is inflectional, such as the nominative singular adjectival ending -ая, the genitive plural nominal ending -ов, and the zero-ending (-Ш) in the masculine noun ранг. The stem itself may be broken down into at least one root, as well as prefix and/or suffix, or it may consist only of a root. As in Latin, these components each convey a certain meaning or significance. Thus, when translating papers, it is helpful to have a list of common roots, prefixes, and suffixes; should a given word not be listed in the dictionary, the reader is able to make an educated guess at the definition by examining its components. For example, the word переговоры (from the verb переговорить) may be divided into the prefix пере-, the root говор-, and the inflectional ending -ы (the stem is переговор). The prefix пере- means "across," the root говор- means "talk," and the ending -ы indicates nominative plural. Thus, the word means "negotiations." Similarly, the verb переносить consists of the prefix пере-, the root нос-, the suffix -и-, and the ending -ть. The prefix пере- means "across", the root нос- is actually нес-, which means "carry," the suffix -и- is verbal, and the ending -ть indicates the infinitive. Thus, the verb means "to transfer."