9 Wortman, ‘Invisible Threads’, 397–8.
10 Elchaninov, Tsar, 148; Wortman, ‘Invisible Threads’, 392–3.
11 Elchaninov, Tsar, 2–3, 121.
12 Massie, Nicholas, 227; The Times, 22 Feb, 6 March 1913; British Documents on Foreign Affairs, 1, A, 6: 323.
13 Memoirs of Count Witte, 201, 710–13; Serge, Ville en danger, 37.
14 Pasternak Slater (ed.), Vanished Present, 185–7.
15 Romanov, Once a Grand Duke, 168; Memoirs of Count Witte, 95; Zaionchkovsky, Russian Autocracy, 18–19.
16 Gurko, Tsar, 8; Wolfe, ‘Autocracy’, 68; Essad-Bey, Nicholas, 26.
17 Iswolsky, Memoirs, 248–50; Romanov, Once a Grand Duke, 178; Ferro, Nicholas, 16.
18 Wolfe, ‘Autocracy’, 66–7; Romanov, Once a Grand Duke, 168–9.
19 Salisbury, Black Night, 50–8; Iswolsky, Memoirs, 259–60.
20 Massie, Nicholas, ix; Pares, The Fall, 57.
21 Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 409; Chernov, Great Russian, 1; Trotsky, History, 73–4; Gurko, Tsar, 23–4.
22 Rogger, Russia, 20; Verner, Crisis, 64–7; Lieven, Nicholas, 113; Wolfe, ‘Autocracy’, 72.
23 Pares, The Fall, 157; Verner, Crisis, 45–59; Lieven, Russia’s Rulers, 287–9; Lieven, Nicholas, 105–6, 115–16.
24 Buchanan, Dissolution, 36.
25 Romanov, Once a Grand Duke, 169; Mossolov, At the Court, 31; Romanov, V mramornom, 60; de Jonge, Life and Times, 110; Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, xii.
26 Chernov, Great Russian Revolution, 16; Gurko, Tsar, 69–70; Gilliard, Thirteen Years, 50, 83.
27 Gurko, Tsar, 34, 48–9; Pipes, Russian Revolution, 60.
28 Gilliard, Thirteen Years, 52.
29 Smitten, ‘Poslednyi’, 10: 119–20; de Jonge, Life and Times, 36, 45, 54; Kotsiubinskii, ‘Sekret’, 2 Dec 1994; Curtiss, Church and State, 175–7; Graham, With the Russian Pilgrims, 180.
30 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, 13–14; de Jonge, Life and Times, 64–5.
31 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, 94–8; de Jonge, Life and Times, 214–15.
32 Massie, Nicholas, 318.
33 Kotsiubinskii, ‘Sekret’, 2, 9 and 16 Dec 1994; de Jonge, Life and Times, 78, 224; Fuhrmann, Rasputin, 35; Pipes, Russian Revolution, 259–60.
34 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, 51, 119–20; Lockhart, Diaries, 1: 128–9.
35 de Jonge, Life and Times, 204. On Marie Antoinette see Hunt, Family Romance, ch. 4.
36 de Jonge, Life and Times, 187, 201–2.
37 Simanovich, Rasputine, 23–4; Moscow News, 9, 1991; Gilliard, Thirteen Years, 64–5; Gurko, Tsar, 90; Mamantov, Na gosudarevoi sluzhbe, 233.
2 Unstable Pillars
1 ‘Dnevnik A. A. Polovtsova’; Memoirs of Count Witte, 88–9, 199.
2 Becker, Nobility and Privilege, 64; Lieven, ‘Russian Civil Service’, 371; Zaionchkovskii, Pravitel’stvennyi, 223; Raeff, ‘Bureaucratic Phenomena’, 401–2; Raeff, Understanding, 608; Mosse, ‘Bureaucracy’, 605–6; Ferro, Nicholas, 15.
3 Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime, 286–7; Lieven, Russia’s Rulers, 125–9.
4 Lieven, Russia’s Rulers, 198–9.
5 Raeff, ‘Bureaucratic Phenomena’, 403–4; Verner, Crisis, 51–9; Rieber, ‘Sedimentary Society’, 358–9; Lieven, Russia’s Rulers, 133–6; Pearson, Russian Officialdom, 14–15; Trubetskaia, Kniaz, 38.
6 Lincoln, In the Vanguard, 107; Whelan, Alexander III, 83–7.
7 Saunders, Russia, 213.
8 Whelan, Alexander III, 91; Lieven, Russia’s Rulers, 192; Wcislo, ‘Bureaucratic’, 382–3.
9 Lieven, Russia’s Rulers, 68–72, 185–92, 385.
10 Whelan, Alexander III, 32–3.
11 Urussov, Memoirs, 1, 12; Robbins, Tsar’s Viceroys, 1–2.
12 Urussov, Memoirs, 96; Judge, ‘Urban Growth’, 48–50.
13 Clowes, Kassow, West (ed.), Between Tsar and People, 3–27, 41–56, 75–89; Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 195.
14 Chekhov, Plays, 322; Urussov, Memoirs, 100; Bok, Reminiscences, 100.
15 Urussov, Memoirs, 98; Rogger, Russia, 52–3.
16 Robbins, ‘His Excellency’, 76; Padenie, 1: 33, 49; Robbins, Tsar’s Viceroys, 244–5. For a contrary view on the governors, stressing their subordination to the central ministries, see Yaney, Systematization, 330.
17 Pipes, Russian Revolution, 68; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 55–6.
18 Rogger, Russia, 49; Robbins, Tsar’s Viceroys, 183–4; Weissman, ‘Regular’, 46–50, 56–8; Yaney, Systematization, 333–7.
19 Manning, Crisis, 9–10; Shanin, Russia as a ‘Developing Society’, 147.
20 BA, Bakhmeteff Collection, Box 39, Lvov, ‘Moi vospominaniia’, 2–4, 10, 13, 15–16, 83; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 24–30.
21 Dni, 21 March 1925; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 62; Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, 373–4.
22 Mackenzie Wallace, Russia, 2: 249.
23 ‘Dnevnik A. A. Polovtsova’ (1901), 3, 1923: 97; McKenzie, ‘Zemstvo’; Stone, Europe, 204; Tyrkova-Williams, To, chego, 253.
24 Yaney, Urge, 51, 98, 102–8; Macey, ‘Land Captains’; Semenov, Dvadtsat’, 86; A Radical Worker, 151–2.
25 Polnoe sobranie zakonov, 14, 1894: 11,014.
26 Keep, ‘Military Style’; Verner, Crisis, 22–3; Elchaninov, Tsar, ch. 8.
27 Bushnell, Mutiny, 1–2.
28 Fuller, Civil-Military, 49, 144–53; Bushnell, Mutiny, vii, 15–21.
29 Wildman, End, 1: 33–5; Bushnell, Mutiny, 10–11.
30 McNeal, Tsar and Cossack; Rieber, ‘Landed’, 36; Bushnell, Mutiny, 110–11.
31 Oberuchev, ‘V dni’, 60; BA, Brusilov Collection, mss. ‘Gazeta “Dni” ’; Grondijs, La Guerre, 84, 263; Shabanov, ‘Kratkii’, 5–9; GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 21a, l. 11–12; op. 3, d. 70, l. 148.
32 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 17.
33 Ibid., 9–10.
34 Cherniavsky, Tsar and People, 111–16, 119–20, and ch. 1 on saintly princes; Billington, Icon, 47, 64.
35 Curtiss, Church and State, 3–32, 71–2, 345–6; Freeze, ‘Handmaiden’.
36 Morrison, ‘Church Schools’, 193; Curtiss, Church and State, 186.
37 Waldron, ‘Religious Toleration’, 104–15; Freeze, ‘Handmaiden’, 89–90; Freeze, ‘Bringing Order’; Engelstein, Keys to Happiness, 27–8, 34, 51–2.
38 Freeze, ‘ “Going” ’, 215–32; Dixon, ‘Church’s Social Role’, 167–92.
39 A Radical Worker, 27–34.
40 Gorky, My Universities, 122; Matossian, ‘Peasant Way of Life’, 19–20; Belinskii, Izbrannye, 2: 516.
41 Lewin, Making, ch. 2; Ramer, ‘Traditional Healers’.
42 Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 372; Freeze, Parish Clergy; Belliutsin, Description, 189.
43 Curtiss, Church and State, ch. 5; Freeze, Parish Clergy, 330f, 389f; Meyendorff, ‘Russian Bishops’; Simon, ‘Church’, 206–12.
44 Curtiss, Church and State, 237ff, 405.
45 Gellner, Nations, 6 and passim.
46 Lenin, PSS, 25: 66.
47 Hofer, ‘Creation of Ethnic Symbols’; Anderson, Imagined Communities; Gellner, Nations, 57–8.
48 Hofer, ‘Creation of Ethnic Symbols’, 124.
49 Hobsbawm, Nations, 54; Uustalu, History, 121–4.
50 Davies, God’s Playground, 2: 6–7, 19–27, 37, 352–7.
51 Seton-Watson, Russian Empire, 411; Reshetar, Ukrainian, 6–10; Shevelov, ‘Language Question’, 74–9, 92–3.
52 Suny, Making, chs 4–6; Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 23–6.
53 Hobsbawm, Nations, 48–9; Slomka, From Serfdom, 171.
54 Suny, ‘Nationality’, 232; Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 11.
55 Suny, Making, 116ff; Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 21; Rorlich, Volga Tatars, ch. 8.
56 Himka, Galician, xxii, chs 2–4.
57 Guthier, ‘Popular Base’; Krawchenko, Social, 21; Shevelov, ‘Language Question’, 79; Guthier, ‘Ukrainian Cities’, 158–9; Himka, Galician, 158–75.
58 Krawchenko, Social, 264; Himka, Galician, 36–40.
59 Himka, Galician, 199–202; Trotsky, History, 898.
60 Maynard, Russian Peasant, 379.
61 Davies, God’s Playground, 84; Rogger, Jewish Policies, 106.
62 Pervaia vseobshchaia perepis’, 1–19.
63 Pares, Fall, 64; Krawchenko, Social, 26; Lehovich, White, 25.
64 Rogger, Jewish Policies, 16, 29, 30–2; Aronson, Troubled, esp. 67–81, 145–60. See also Klier and Lambroza (ed.), Pogroms.