24 Kerensky, Crucifixion, 13; Volkogonov, Lenin, 6, 8–9, 13.
25 RTsKhIDNI, f. 2, op. 2, d. 125, l. 1; Volkogonov, Lenin, xxxvii, 6, 52; Valentinov, Maloznakomyi, 34.
26 Valentinov, Encounters, 107; NZh, 7 Nov 1917.
27 Ulam, Bolsheviks, 12, 162; Gorev, Iz partiinogo, 10; Potresov, Posmertnyi, 21.
28 Potresov, Posmertnyi, 294; Ulam, Bolsheviks, 118.
29 McNeal, Bride, 65.
30 Krupskaia, Vospominaniia, 35.
31 Lenin, PSS, 6: 9; Haimson (ed.), Making, 103, 105, 126.
32 Ulam, Bolsheviks, 178, 186; Valentinov, Encounters, 112–14; Haimson (ed.), Making, 170–1.
33 Valentinov, Encounters, 40.
5 First Blood
1 Robbins, Famine, 1–2, 11–12, 59–64, 171; Simms, ‘Crop Failure’, 237.
2 Bogdanovich, Tri Poslednikh, 149; Petrunkevich, ‘Iz zapisok’, 275.
3 Wildman, Making, 6–7; Polner, Zhiznennyi put’, 52; Frieden, Russian Physicians, ch. 6; Petrunkevich, ‘Iz zapisok’, 276.
4 Letters of Anton Chekhov, 237.
5 Tolstoi, Pis’ma L. N. Tolstogo k zhene, 208, 363; Semenov, ‘Vospominaniia o L. N. Tolstogom’, 55–6.
6 Robbins, Famine, 177–83; Frieden, Russian Physicians, ch. 6; Balzer, ‘Problem of Professions’, 189–90; Seregny, Russian Teachers, 10–11.
7 Haimson (ed.), Making, 101.
8 Simms, ‘Famine and the Radicals’, 16; Martov, Zapiski, 94, 137.
9 Haimson (ed.), Making, 68.
10 Freeze, ‘Soslovie’, 11–36; Haimson, ‘Problem of Social Identities’, 1–20.
11 Kassow, Students, 16, 22.
12 For an excellent discussion of the problems confronting the formation of a middle-class identity see Clowes, Kassow and West (ed.), Between Tsar and People.
13 Galai, Liberation, 54.
14 Manning, ‘Zemstvo and Politics’, 139–40; Emmons, ‘Zemstvo’, 433–7; Galai, Liberation, 24–55.
15 Kerensky, Crucifixion, 78–9.
16 Istochnik, 3, 1994: 5; GARF, f. 1807, op. 1, d. 382, l. 14.
17 GARF, f. 1807, op. 1, d. 382, l. 56.
18 Svobodov, ‘Gor’kii i studencheskoe’, 71; Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 271–2; Tyrkova-Williams, Na putiakh, 72–3; Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, 3.
19 Memoirs of Count Witte, 369; White, Diplomacy, 78–81.
20 Memoirs of Count Witte, 384; Pasternak Slater (ed.), Vanished Present, 88; Ascher, Revolution, 47; Galai, Liberation, 198–205; Polner, Zhiznennyi’, 67.
21 Memoirs of Count Witte, 382–3.
22 Bar-Yaacov, Handling, 70; Owen, Capitalism, 69; Petrunkevich, ‘Iz zapisok’, 343; Gurko, Figures and Features, 253.
23 Ascher, Revolution, 54.
24 ‘Dnevnik kn. Ekateriny Alexeevny Sviatopolk-Mirskoi’, 243, 251; Verner, Crisis, 115–17.
25 Galai, Liberation, 214–19; Manning, Crisis, 74–5, 83–5; Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’ 132.
26 Verner, Crisis, 137–40; Memoirs of Count Witte, 399; Gurko, Figures and Features, 304.
27 Sablinsky, Road to Bloody Sunday, 222.
28 McDaniel, Autocracy, 64–89; Sablinsky, Road to Bloody Sunday, 103–5.
29 Sablinsky, Road to Bloody Sunday, 126, 344.
30 Ibid., 212–13, 218.
31 Ibid., 241–3.
32 M. Gor’kii v epokhu revoliutsii 1905–1907, 30.
33 Sablinsky, Road to Bloody Sunday, 251–2, 273.
34 M. Gor’kii v epokhu revoliutsii 1905–1907, 33; Gippius, Dmitrii, 132; Ascher, Revolution, 98.
35 Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 148.
36 Gogol, ‘Maksim Gor’kii’, 7–19.
37 Levin, Stormy, 98–100; Gorky, Letters, 32; NZh, 25 April 1917.
38 GARF, f. 1807, op. 1, d. 382, l. 250; Pasternak Slater (ed.), Vanished Present, 110; Ascher, Revolution, 94.
39 Galai, Liberation, 245–8; Stites, Women’s Liberation, 198; Balzer, ‘Problem of Professions’, 191–3; Ascher, Revolution, 129.
40 M. Gor’kii v epokhu revoliutsii 1905–1907, 55; Gorky, Letters, 13.
41 Perrie, ‘Russian Peasant’, 123–55; Bok, Reminiscences, 122–5; Shanin, Russia, 1905–7, 94; Mixter, ‘Peasant Collective Action’, 215; Manning, Crisis, ch. 8.
42 Seregny, ‘Peasants and Politics’, 341–77; Mixter, ‘Peasant Collective Action’, 194; Shanin, Russia, 1905–7, 99–119.
43 Pavlov, Markovskaya, 13–14, 18–22, 44, 53; Shanin, Russia, 1905–7, 109–11; TsGALI, f. 66, op. 1, d. 296, l. 2; d. 312.
44 Bushnell, Mutiny, 52.
45 Ibid., 55–6, 60–5; Ascher, Revolution, 170–2.
46 Ascher, Revolution, 157, 159–60; Galai, Liberation, 205–6.
47 Memoirs of Count Witte, 406–7; Sablinsky, Road to Bloody Sunday, 277–8, 280–1; Verner, Crisis, 163; Ascher, Revolution, 112.
48 Verner, Crisis, 179–80; GARF, f. 1807, op.1, d. 382, l. 202.
49 Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 162.
50 Suhr, 1905, 342–4; Ascher, Revolution, 132.
51 For a brilliant discussion of the relationship between ‘revolutionary violence’ and ‘hooliganism’ in 1905 see Neuberger, Hooliganism, ch. 2.
52 Ascher, Revolution, 211–17; Engelstein, Moscow, 123; ‘Khar’kov v oktiabre’; Lvov–Rogachevskii, ‘Oktiabr’skie dni’, 80.
53 Ascher, Revolution, 217–21; Trotsky, My Life, 186. There is some disagreement over whether Lenin ever spoke in the Petrograd Soviet of 1905. A number of sources state that Lenin spoke there once or twice but there is no definite corroboration.
54 Trotsky, My Life, 172–4; Haimson (ed.), Making, 324.
55 Verner, Crisis, 227; Letters of Tsar Nicholas and the Empress Marie, 188.
56 Memoirs of Count Witte, 515.
57 Petrunkevich, ‘Iz zapisok’, 410.
58 Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, 373–4; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 97, 110.
59 Emmons, Formation, 41–4, 62–72, 146–7; Rosenberg, Liberals, 12–24.
60 Emmons, Formation, 147, 217–22.
61 Memoirs of Count Witte, 501–2; Gurko, Figures and Features, 404–5.
62 Miliukov, Political Memoirs, 65.
63 Rawson, Russian Rightists, 21–33, 46–72, 142–8.
64 Ibid., 137–8; Lambroza, ‘Pogroms’, 227–8, 233–7; Weinberg, ‘Pogrom’, 262, 268–9; Letters of Tsar Nicholas and the Empress Marie, 190–1.
65 Haimson, (ed.), Making, 180–3; Engelstein, Moscow, 140; Baring, A Year in Russia, 29–30.
66 Zenzinov, Perezhitoe, 225; Gul’, ‘Byloe’.
67 Haimson, (ed.), Making, 203; Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k K. P. Piatnitskomu’, 193.
68 Engelstein, Moscow, 205, 222; Ascher, Revolution, 315–22.
69 ‘Dnevnik A. A. Polovtsova’, (1906), 4, 1923: 99; Bing (ed.), Secret Letters, 206; Manning, Crisis, 173; Shanin, Russia, 1905–7, 95; Ferro, Nicholas II, 118–19; Gurko, Figures and Features, 446.
70 Gor’kii ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 170.
71 Troyat, Gorky, 100–6.
72 Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k pisatel’iam’, 132; Pasternak, Stikhotvoreniia, 204.
73 Pares, My Russian Memoirs, 161–2.
74 Miliukov, Political Memoirs, 42; Trotsky, My Life, 194–5; Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 148.
75 Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 168.
76 Naumov, Iz ustelevshikh, 2: 72; Manning, Crisis, 146; Neuberger, Hooliganism, 114, 118–19. See also Weissman, ‘Rural Crime’.
77 Shanin, Russia, 1905–7, 198; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 110–11; BA, Polner Collection, Box 2, Death of Lvov.
78 Neuberger, Hooliganism, 237 (and chs 4 and 5); Bely, Petersburg, 11; Engelstein, Keys to Happiness, 240, 257–60.
79 Russkie vedomosti, 16 Nov 1905.
80 M. Gor’kii v epokhu revoliutsii, 52.
81 Kelly, ‘Self-Censorship’, 201; Vekhi, 89.
82 Lenin, PSS, 41: 8–9.
6 Last Hopes
1 Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, 338–9; Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, 129–31.
2 Szeftel, Russian Constitution, 119–20, 177–8, 260; Verner, Crisis, 300–2.
3 Gurko, Figures and Features, 23–5, 27–30. For a more positive assessment of the State Council see Lieven, Russia’s Rulers.
4 Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, 350.
5 Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 81–2; TsGALI, f. 66, op. 1, d. 324.
6 Baring, What I Saw in Russia, 255.
7 Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, 341.