8 Manning, Crisis, 199, 218; Hosking and Manning, ‘What Was the United Nobility?’; Atkinson, End, 53.
9 BA, Polner collection, Box 2, Lvov’s Death; Rosenberg, Liberals, 17–38.
10 Pares, Fall, 111.
11 Bok, Reminiscences, 122–5.
12 Ibid., 128.
13 Stolypine, L’Homme, 144.
14 Pares, Memoirs, 126; Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 210, 219.
15 Leontovitsch, Geschichte, 400.
16 Pares, Memoirs, 139.
17 Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, ch. 4.
18 Edelman, Gentry Politics, 10.
19 Korros, ‘Landed Nobility’, 134–8; Weissman, Reform in Tsarist Russia, 198–202; Edelman, Gentry Politics, 118–23; Bok, Reminiscences, 263.
20 Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, 267–8; Miliukov, Political Memoirs, 229–30.
21 BA, Kryzhanovsky Collection, Box 2, mss. on Stolypin; Serebrennikov, Ubiistvo, 191; Bok, Reminiscences, 278–80.
22 Haimson, ‘Social Stability’, 1: 619–42. For a rather different view of working-class politics in these years see McKean, St Petersburg, esp. chs 4–5.
23 Semenov’s story is based on his own account in ‘Legko’; ‘Novye khoziaeva’; ‘Obnovlenie’; Dvadtsat’ piat’ let; and on his personal papers in TsGALI.
24 TsGALI, f. 200, op. 1, d. 80, l. 3.
25 Ibid., f. 2226, op. 1, d. 13, l. 354, 360; Narodnyi pisatel’, 7.
26 TsGALI, f. 66, op. 1, d. 312, l. 4–5.
27 Ibid., f. 200, op. 1, d. 80, l. 3; f. 2226, op. 1, d. 1067; f. 66, op. 1, d. 296, l. 5; f. 122, op. 3, d. 13, l. 5–7; Semenov, ‘Legko’, 253.
28 Robinson, Rural Russia, 194.
29 TsGALI, f. 122, op. 1, d. 1197, l. 42.
30 Agrarnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v 1905–1906, 151.
31 Figes, Peasant Russia, 57–61; Macey, ‘Peasant Commune’, 221–8; Yaney, Urge, 178–84.
32 Yaney, Urge, 156–60. The statistics of the reforms are notoriously difficult. The best general survey is Atkinson, ‘Statistics’. For a more recent survey at the local level see Pallot and Shaw, Landscape, ch. 7.
33 Sternheimer, ‘Administering’, 286–98; Macey, ‘Peasant Commune’, 228–30.
34 Danilov, ‘Ob istoricheskikh’, 106. Earlier figures, which tended to be rather higher, were, Danilov shows, based on computational errors.
35 Semenov, ‘Novye khoziaeva’, 275.
36 Samuel, Blood Accusation, 17.
37 Cohn, Warrant for Genocide, 90–8, 108–25; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 255–7; Engelstein, Keys to Happiness, 299–300, 321–6; Diaries of Theodor Herzl, 394.
38 Tager, Decay, 29; Samuel, Blood Accusation, 26–7.
39 Tager, Decay, 39–40, 206; Samuel, Blood Accusation, 55.
40 Rogger, Jewish Policies, 40–55; Gruzenberg, Yesterday, 107; Tager, Decay, 147–65, 178.
41 Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, ch. 7; Haimson, ‘Social Stability’, 1: 619–42; McKean, St Petersburg, 149.
42 Edelman, Gentry Politics, 176–7; Rogger, Jewish Policies, 208–9; Rawson, Russian Rightists, 65–72.
43 Pares, Fall, 122.
44 Rogger, Russia, 168.
45 Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 233; Struve, ‘Velikaia Rossiia’, 144–6; Seletskii, ‘Obrazovanie’, 32–48.
46 Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 37, 131–3; Novoe vremia, 6 March 1914; Hutchinson, ‘Octobrists’, 225.
47 Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 71–2, 92–101; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 38.
48 Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 65; Kerensky, Crucifixion, 172.
49 Golder, Documents, 21.
50 Bark, ‘Iiul’ 1914’, 22; Spring, ‘Russia and the Coming of War’, 66.
51 Sazonov, How the War Began, 46–7; Paléologue, An Ambassador’s Memoirs, 1: 43–4.
52 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 40–1; Gilliard, Thirteen Years, 111.
53 Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 9; Russian Schools, 166–7; Troyat, Gorky, 123.
54 Pearson, Russian Moderates, 12–13, 15–16.
7 A War on Three Fronts
1 GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 26, ll. 3–5.
2 Stone, Eastern Front, 13–14.
3 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 17, l. 97; d. 4, l. 108–10; Gourko, Memories, 11; Oberuchev, V dni revoliutsii, 62; Sokolov, ‘Aleksei’, 83; BA, Brusilov Collection, mss. ‘Gazeta dni’.
4 Lincoln, Passage, 83; GARF, f. 5972, op. 3, d. 70, l. 11–13.
5 Stone, Eastern Front, 61–8; Lincoln, Passage, 63–6, 69–78; Ironside, Tannenberg, 245.
6 Knox, With the Russian Army, 1: 90.
7 Golovin, Russian Army, 45–74; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 93–4.
8 Denikin, Ocherki, 1: 19; Heenan, Russian, 90; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 37, 39.
9 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 98; Lincoln, Passage, 124.
10 Stone, Eastern Front, 52; Knox, With the Russian Army, 1: 42, 46.
11 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 133, 330.
12 Ibid., 143.
13 Knox, With the Russian Army, 1: xxv; Lincoln, Passage, 71–2; Os’kin, Zapiski soldata, 259–60; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 64–5; Stone, Eastern Front, 50–1, 148, 167–8.
14 Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe, 11–12; Lincoln, Passage, 106; Knox, With the Russian Army, 1: 220; Chaadaeva (ed.), ‘Soldatskie pis’ma’, 127–8.
15 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 126–7; Lincoln, Passage, 105; Chaadaeva (ed.), ‘Soldatskie pis’ma’, 124–5.
16 GARF, f. 5972, op. 3, d. 70, l. 13–14; Rodzianko, Reign of Rasputin, 115–17.
17 Wildman, End, 1: 100–2.
18 RGVA, f. 37976, op. 9, d. 4218.
19 Os’kin, Zapiski soldata, 143–4, 171, 212–13, 218–21, 243–5.
20 Chaadaeva (ed.), ‘Soldatskie pis’ma’, 158; Os’kin, Zapiski soldata, 223.
21 Chaadaeva (ed.), ‘Soldatskie pis’ma’, 126–7.
22 Lincoln, Passage, 127; Denikin, Ocherki, 1: 2: 29–30; Knox, With the Russian Army, 1: 317–18; 2: 410.
23 GARF, f. 5972, op. 3, d. 70, l. 82.
24 Lemke, 250 dnei, 223–55; Knox, With the Russian Army, 1: 324–8.
25 Lincoln, Passage, 152; Iakhontov, ‘Tiazhelye dni’, 33, 37, 74.
26 Os’kin, Zapiski soldata, 234; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18, l. 4; d. 17; Pireiko, Na fronte, 35–6.
27 Golovin, Russian Army, 121–2; Os’kin, Zapiski soldata, 276–302, 318–33; Lincoln, Passage, 146–7.
28 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 170–1, 185.
29 Iakhontov, ‘Tiazhelye dni’, 54, 98.
30 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 15, l. 6; HLRO, 206: Stow Hill Papers. DS 2/2, Box 8, O. L. Kerenskaia, ‘Obryvki vospominaniia’, 2.
31 Polner, Obolenskii and Turn (ed.), Russian Local Government, 54ff, 100–1; Gleason, ‘All-Russian’, 365–82; Cherniavsky (ed.), Prologue, 228.
32 Polner, Zhiznennyi, 174–88; Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, 374.
33 Grave (ed.), Burzhuazia, 29–31; Polner, Obolenskii and Turn (ed.), Russian Local Government, 300–3; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 210.
34 Stone, Eastern Front, 156, 199–202; Siegelbaum, Politics of Industrial Mobilization, 38; Pearson, Russian Moderates, 24–47.
35 Pearson, Russian Moderates, 46–53; Hamm, ‘Liberal Politics’; Rosenberg, Liberals, 39–42.
36 Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 125; Iakhontov, ‘Tiazhelye dni’, 107–36.
37 Grave (ed.), Burzhuazia, 59–60; Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 100, 166.
38 Russkie vedomosti, 27 Sep 1915.
39 Grave (ed.), Burzhuazia, 62–3.
40 Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 114, 152, 221, 409.
41 Pares, Fall, 317; Rodzianko, Reign of Rasputin, 178.
42 Knox, With the Russian Army, 2: 412; Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 134, 301.
43 Knox, With the Russian Army, 2: 416.
44 Stone, Eastern Front, 234; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 199–200.
45 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 215; GARF, f. 5972, op. 3, d. 70, l. 80.
46 Stone, Eastern Front, 235.
47 Sokolov, ‘Aleksei’, 213–14; Golovin, ‘Brusilov Offensive’, 577–81.
48 GARF, f. 5972, op. 3, d. 70, l. 49, 155; Stone, Eastern Front, 249; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 17, l. 159–60.
49 Hindenburg, Out of My Life, 158; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 238–51, 267; Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 346.
50 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 256; Pares, Fall, 364–70; Lincoln, Passage, 257–8.