51 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 10; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 248, 272.
52 Knox, With the Russian Army, 2: 466–7, 472.
53 RTsKhIDNI, f. 75, op. 1, d. 14; Golovin, Russian Army, 246.
54 CUL, Templewood Papers, XXI: I: 24; Pares, Fall, 301–2.
55 Katkov, Russia 1917, 157–60; Massie, Nicholas, 152, 299, 346–7; Kerensky, Crucifixion, 196–8.
56 Florinsky, End, 141; Pearson, Russian Moderates, 109–10; Katkov, Russia 1917, 218.
57 Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 394; BA, Brusilov collection, Memoirs, 3: 46; Pares, Fall, 381.
58 Pearson, Russian Moderates, 117–18. I am indebted to Boris Kolonitskii for the point about the teachers.
59 Voeikov, S tsarem, 185.
60 Pearson, Russian Moderates, 122, 137; Hasegawa, February, 182.
61 GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 219, l. 161. On the historiography of these plots see Hasegawa, February, 187–8.
62 Kotsiubinskii, ‘Sekret’, 27, 29 Dec 1994; Purishkevich, Ubiistvo, 81; Purishkevich, Dnevnik, 141.
63 Romanov, V mramornom, 307; Lincoln, Passage, 310–11.
64 Trotsky, My Life, 276; Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 241.
65 Serge and Sedova, Life and Death, 30.
66 Trotsky, My Life, 283.
67 Ibid., 219.
68 Cohen, Bukharin, 22; Trotsky, My Life, 243; Kollontai, Iz moei zhizni, 146; Clements, Bolshevik Feminist, 84.
69 Ermanskii, Iz perezhitogo, 119.
70 Gankin and Fisher (ed.), Bolsheviks and the World War, 322.
71 Dazhina and Tsivlina, ‘Iz arkhiva A. M. Kollontai’, 1: 227; 2: 227.
72 Trotskii, Sochineniia, 8: 66–7; Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 216–23.
73 Trotsky, My Life, 280; Dazhina, ‘Amerikanskie dnevniki’; Ziv, Trotskii, 67; Draper, Roots, 77.
74 Shliapnikov, On the Eve, 27–8, 38; Burdzhalov, Russia’s Second Revolution, 26; McKean, St Petersburg, ch. 12.
75 RGIA, f. 806, op. 5, d. 10313, ll. 12–13; Voronov, ‘Analiz’, 56–7; Minor, Novye formy, 1–16; Mendel’son, Itogi, 22–4; Binshtok and Kaminskii, Narodnoe pitanie, 45–52.
76 Antsiferov et al (ed.), Russian Agriculture, 140, 151–2; Anfimov, Rossiiskaia derevnia, 241–2, 280ff.
77 Antsiferov et al (ed.), Russian Agriculture, 222.
78 Leiberov and Rudachenko, Revoliutsiia i khleb, 17–20.
79 Strumilin, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, 5: 187; McKean, St Petersburg, 337–8; Koenker, Moscow Workers, 84–7; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 67–9; Binshtok and Kaminskii, Narodnoe pitanie, 24–35; Gernet, Moral’naia statistika, 97; Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 176.
80 Shliapnikov, On the Eve, 75, 94; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 87ff; Smith, Red Petrograd, 48–53; Koenker, Moscow Workers, 88–90; McKean, St Petersburg, chs 13–14; Strumilin, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, 5: 186–7.
81 Siegelbaum, Politics of Industrial Mobilization, ch. 7; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 123–32.
82 Ivanov, ‘Volnenie’, 171–2.
83 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 159–68; Shklovsky, Sentimental Journey, 8.
84 Wildman, End, 1: 105ff; Chaadaeva, Armiia nakanune, 65–9; ‘Soldatskie pis’ma’, 134–59; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 282.
85 Sidorov, Revoliutsionnoe, 221.
8 Glorious February
1 Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 28; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 199; Heald, ‘Witness’, 45; Trudy tsentral’nogo, 7: 1: 252; Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 192.
2 Lih, Bread, 12; Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 28; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 200.
3 Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 26–9; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 21–4.
4 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 232–8; Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 31; LRA, MS 790/20 (letter by Marguerite Bennet, 15 March 1917); BC, Ransome Papers, Telegraph 50, 10 March 1917; RGIA, f. 1282, op. 1, d. 741, l. 41–2.
5 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 247–53; Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 35–6.
6 BA, Finland Regiment Collection, Box 10, D. I. Khodnev, ‘Fevral’skaia revoliutsiia 1917 g. i zapasnyi battalion leib-gvardii finlandskogo polka’; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 253–5; RGIA, f. 1282, op. 1, d. 741, l. 89.
7 Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 39–42; Sukhanov, Russian, 5; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 258.
8 Padenie, 1: 190.
9 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 267–9; Martynov, Tsarkaia armiia, 85; Kirpichnikov, ‘Vosstanie’, 7–9.
10 Cherniaev, ‘Vosstanie’; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 87–9; Padenie, 1: 195–200.
11 Kirpichnikov, ‘Vosstanie’, 10–15.
12 Kantorovich, ‘Fedor Linde’, 221–38; Kievskaia mysl’, 3 Sep 1917; Sokolov, White Nights, 21–2.
13 Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 45; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 404–5; Kantorovich, ‘Fedor Linde’, 239.
14 Jones, Russia in Revolution, 105–6; Shklovsky, Sentimental, 15.
15 Kantorovich, ‘Fedor Linde’, 238; Romanov, V mramornom, 318; Gorky, Fragments, 167; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 9–10; Jones, Russia in Revolution, 123–4; Raskolnikov, Kronstadt, 4; Shklovsky, Sentimental, 16.
16 Jones, Russia in Revolution, 108; Zenzinov, ‘Fevral’skie dni’, 5: 219–20; Gorky, Fragments, 164; Berkman, Bolshevik Myth, 203.
17 Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 55; Shulgin, Dni, 162–7; Petrogradskii sovet, 1: 34–5, 46.
18 Sukhanov, Russian, 16; The Times, 17 March 1917; Jones, Russia in Revolution, 127; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 28.
19 BA, Finland Regiment Collection, Box 10, D. I. Khodnev, ‘Fevral’skaia revoliutsiia 1917 g. i zapasnyi battalion leib-gvardii finlandskogo polka’, 63.
20 On the body language of the crowds see my forthcoming book (with Boris Kolonitskii), Interpreting the Russian Revolution: Essays on the Language, Rites and Symbols of 1917.
21 Pitcher (ed.), Witnesses, 14; The Times, 16 March 1917.
22 RGIA, f. 1278, op. 10, d. 7, l. 1; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 7, 9–10; Jones, Russia in Revolution, 134.
23 Jones, Russia in Revolution, 119; GARF, f. 102, op. 341, d. 57, l. 24–9; f. 5849, op. 2, d. 33, l. 4–5; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 14–17; RPG, 1: 140; Anet, Révolution, 1: 129–30.
24 Sukhanov, Russian, 78, 95; Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 194.
25 See, for example, Simon Schama’s condemnation of crowd violence (and thus by implication the whole revolution) in Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution, London, 1989. Richard Pipes’s approach in The Russian Revolution is coloured by the same prejudice against violence.
26 Sukhanov, Russian, 96.
27 Sorokin, Leaves, 14–16; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 19; Jones, Russia in Revolution, 163.
28 Mstislavskii, Five Days, 23; Sukhanov, Russian, 21; Krupskaia, Vospominaniia, 271; Aronson, Rossiia, 4.
29 Sukhanov, Russian, 43, 177; Trotsky, History, 18.
30 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 330–45, 380; Sukhanov, Russian, 59–62, 83–7; Zenzinov, ‘Fevral’skie dni’, 215–18.
31 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 348–59; RPG, 1: 45–7; Shulgin, Dni, 179.
32 Mstislavskii, Five Days, 30–1; Shklovsky, Sentimental, 15–16; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 21; Nabokov, Provisional, 43–4.
33 Jones, Russia in Revolution, 165–6; NLW, Lord Davies Papers, C3/23.
34 Pipes, Russian Revolution, 303; RPG, 1: 47–8; Cantacuzène, Revolutionary Days, 147–9.
35 Zenzinov, ‘Fevral’skie dni’, 1: 237–9.
36 RPG, 2: 846–9; Petrogradskii sovet, 1: 49–50; Sukhanov, Russian, 113.
37 RPG, 3: 1223–4.
38 Mstislavskii, Five Days, 64–5.
39 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 410–16; Sukhanov, Russian, 116–25; RPG, 1: 135–6.
40 RPG, 1: 136; Mstislavskii, Five Days, 65.
41 Trotsky, History, 201; Sukhanov, Russian, 140–4; RPG, 1: 128–9.
42 Kolonitskii, ‘Zagadka’, 164–7; Wilcox, Russia’s Ruin, 191; Nabokov, Provisional Government, 75; Gippius, Peterburgskie, 15.
43 ‘Dnevnik Nikolaia Romanova’, 136; Mordvinov, ‘Otryvki’, 86; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 274.
44 Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, 408; Paléologue, Ambassadors’ Memoirs, 3: 151–2.
45 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 434–40.
46 Padenie, 1: 203–7; Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 54–5; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 107–8; Benckendorff, Last Days, 6–9.