47 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 473–9; Martynov, Tsarkaia armiia, 144–5.
48 RPG, 1: 83–9; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 495–502.
49 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 503–5; RPG, 1: 95–6.
50 Mordvinov, ‘Otryvki’, 113.
51 Pares, Fall, 420–1; Paley, Memories, 26.
52 Perepiska Nikolaia i Aleksandry, 5: 225; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 510; Shulgin, Dni, 269.
53 Shulgin, Dni, 270–1; Padenie, 6: 265–8.
54 Paley, Memories, 60–1; Benckendorff, Last Days, 16–17.
55 Sukhanov, Russian, 146–7; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 531–3.
56 Miliukov, Istoriia, 1: 53–5; Kerensky, Catastrophe, 70; Padenie, 6: 266–8; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 556–60.
57 Nabokov, ‘Provisional Government’, 18–20, 46–55; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 561–3.
58 Izvestiia, 4–16 March 1917; Kornakov, ‘Simvolika’, 360; Paustovsky, Story, 474–5; TsGASP, f. 1000, op. 74, d. 13, l. 64; TsGAVMF, f. 2023, op. 1, d. 7, l. 1.
59 Iusupov, Pered izgnaniem, 187; War, Revolution and Peace, 50; RGIA, f. 1278, op. 10, d. 4, l. 241–2.
60 1917 god v derevne, 40, 64; TsGASP, f. 8558, op. 1, d. 5, l. 30; RGIA, f. 1278, op. 10, d. 11, l. 332.
61 Kornakov, ‘Simvolika’, 361.
62 Heald, ‘Witness’, 64–6; Stites, ‘Iconoclastic’, 7–9; Sukhanov, Russian, 74; Nazhivin, Zapiski, 32–3; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 24, 28–9.
63 RGIA, f. 1412, op. 16, d. 534, l. 4. See also d. 101–12, 529–44.
64 Kolonitskii, ‘Kul’t vozhdia’, 17–18; Swift, ‘Kul’turnoe’, 403.
65 RGIA, f. 1278, op. 10, d. 4, l. 242; RPG, 1: 216–21; 2: 803–19, 862–5; Buryshkin, Moskva, 319; Peshekhonov ‘Pervye nedeli’, 290–1; Silver, Russian Workers’, 38.
66 Trotsky, History, 193.
67 Buchanan, My Mission, 2: 86, 114; War, Revolution and Peace, 46; Kolonitskii, ‘Kul’t vozhdia’, 24–6.
68 Pyman, Life, 2: 243, 247; Zhukovskii-Zhuk, ‘Kogda’, 64; Schweitzer, Tsvetaeva, 138.
69 Kolonitskii, ‘The “Russian Idea” ’, 4, 9, 13–14; TsGAVMF, f. r-2063, op. 1, d. 7, l. 12; Oberuchev, V dni, 49; Sorokin, Chelovek, 228; Gubernskii, 54; TsGASP, f. 7384, op. 9, d. 76, l. 23–4; Kolonitskii, ‘Kul’t vozhdia’, 7.
70 Paustovsky, Story, 474; NLW, Lord Davies Papers, C3/23; BC, Ransome Papers, Telegraph 53, 15 March 1917.
71 Polner, Zhiznennyi, 245.
9 The Freest Country in the World
1 Nabokov, ‘Provisional Government’, 44.
2 Hoare, Fourth Seal, 256; BA, Polner Collection, Box 2, Death of Lvov; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, 2: 63–4; Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 195.
3 IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, 1: 63–4; Nabokov, ‘Provisional Government’, 84; Bublikov, Russkaia, 33–4.
4 Polner, Zhiznennyi, 231–45; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, 1: 114; IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70.
5 Kerensky, Memoirs, 227–8.
6 Chernov, Great Russian, 103; Shlapentokh, ‘Images’, 34–5; Sorokin, Leaves, 39; Heald, Witness, 89–90; IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70.
7 RPG, 1: 191–242; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 247.
8 Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, 2: 236.
9 Sukhanov, Russian, 145; Schapiro, ‘Political Thought’, 106–7; Nabokov, ‘Provisional Government’, 135–6; Rosenberg, Liberals, 146–7; RPG, 1: 435–47, 451.
10 TsGALI, f. 66, op. 1, d. 312, l. 8.
11 Ibid., f. 122, op. 3, d. 13; Tsarev, Samouchka, 37–8.
12 TsGALI, f. 66, op. 1, d. 312; f. 122, op. 3, d. 13; f. 200, op. 1, d. 80.
13 Figes, Peasant Russia, 56–61.
14 GARF, f. 393, op. 3, d. 359, l. 202; Figes, Peasant Russia, 47–56, 122–4.
15 Chernov, Rozhdenie, 313; Galynskii, Ocherki, 116.
16 GARF, f. 398, op. 2, d. 144, l. 158–9; Galynskii, Ocherki, 117, 141, 172.
17 GARF, f. 1791, op. 2, d. 144, l. 82; RGIA, f. 1278, op. 10, d. 4, l. 270–2.
18 IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70.
19 Figes, Peasant Russia, 33–7, 40–6; GARF, f. 406, op. 2, d. 237, l. 133, 160; Trotsky, History, 882.
20 Koenker and Rosenberg, Strikes, 82, 87, 156, 229.
21 Keep, Russian Revolution, 69; Smith, Red Petrograd, 65–8; Koenker, Moscow Workers, 107–9; RPG, 2: 712–13.
22 Koenker and Rosenberg, Strikes, 102, 137–9, 172–3, 231; BC, Ransome Papers, Telegram 91, 3 April 1917; Ferro, Russian Revolution, 112–13.
23 Pitcher (ed.), Witnesses, 101–2; Reed, Ten Days, 40; Paustovsky, Story, 481. On the idea of ‘fêtes de libération’ see M. Perrot, Les Ouvriers, Paris, 1974, 2: 548.
24 Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 2: 201; Smith, Red Petrograd, 80–98, 139–67.
25 Wade, Red Guards, 80–114, 173–82; Dune, Notes of a Red Guard, 51–7.
26 Rosenberg, ‘Social Mediation’, 173–8; Hogan, ‘Conciliation’, 49–66; Galili, Menshevik Leaders, 119–23.
27 Rosenberg, ‘Social Mediation’, 181–3; Galili, Menshevik Leaders, ch. 6; Koenker and Rosenberg, Strikes, 200–2.
28 RPG, 1: 317; Radkey, Agrarian Foes, 40, 216–18.
29 Suny, Revenge, 29–30, 45, 54, 63, 75; Guthier, ‘Popular Base’, 40.
30 Reshetar, Ukrainian, 320–1; Suny, Revenge, 48.
31 Khrystiuk, Zametky, 1: 46; Bociurkiw, ‘Rise’, 222–4; Frenkin, Russkaia armiia, 211–56.
32 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18.
33 RPG, 1: 334–5; Upton, Finnish Revolution, chs 1–6; Ketola, ‘Russkaia’, 293–6; Den’, 12 May 1917.
34 RPG, 1: 344–55; NZh, 21 July 1917.
35 RPG, 1: 374–7, 383–8; Stojko, ‘Ukrainian’, 9ff; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, 2: 89.
36 RPG, 1: 389–92; Reshetar, Ukrainian, 57; IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70.
37 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 17, l. 199; GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 21a, l. 12.
38 Wildman, End, 1: 228–45; BA, Brusilov Collection, mss, ‘Gazeta “Dni” ’; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 2, d. 18.
39 ‘Iz ofitserskikh pisem’, 200; Kal’nitskii, Ot fevralia, 43.
40 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 2, d. 18; Polovtsov, Glory, 206; Heenan, Russian, 97–8; Ferro, October, 84–5; GARF, f. 1791, op. 2, d. 629, l. 73.
41 Trud, 27 May 1917.
42 RPG, 2: 1044–6, 1077–8, 1098; Wade, Russian Search, 26–38.
43 NZh, 23 April 1917; Kantorovich, ‘Fedor Linde’, 242–3; Kievskaia mysl’, 3 Sep 1917; RPG, 3: 1242–4.
44 Roobol, Tsereteli, 133; Galili, Menshevik Leaders, 134–40, 179–85.
45 RPG, 3: 1241–2, 1267–9; Rosenberg, Liberals, 109–13; Wade, Russian Search, 47; IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70.
46 RPG, 3: 1276–8; Roobol, Tsereteli, 123–4; IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70.
47 Sukhanov, Russian, 269–70; Service, Lenin, 2: 154–5.
48 Karpinskii, ‘Vladimir’, 105–6; Valentinov, Encounters, 21.
49 For the latest (inconclusive) evidence on this subject see Volkogonov, Lenin, 109–28.
50 Getzler, Martov, 147–8; Service, Lenin, 2: 151–3.
51 Gorky, Lenin, 35; Service, Lenin, 2: 187; NZh, 10 Nov 1917.
52 Lenin, PSS, 31: 9–59, 99–100; Sukhanov, Russian, 274–5.
53 Sukhanov, Russian, 285–8; Lenin, PSS, 31: 113–16; Service, Lenin, 2: 155–60, 165–6; Lenin, Leninskii sbornik, 7: 307–8; RTsKhIDNI, f. 72, op. 3, d. 687, l. 2; Shub, Lenin, 109.
54 Trotsky, History, 300–7; Zelnik, ‘Fate’, 6; Rabinowitch, ‘Bol’sheviki’, 116–19.
55 Valentinov, Encounters, 148; Besançon, Intellectual, 193–6; Volkogonov, Lenin, 62.
56 Struve, ‘My Contacts’, 593; Volkogonov, Lenin, 35–49; Fischer, Life, 329.
57 Valentinov, Encounters, 50.
58 Gul’, ‘Byloe’; RPG, 2: 1209.
59 Voline, Unknown, 244; Rolland, Journal, 1168; Valentinov, Encounters, 148–51.
60 Trotsky, History, 303, 558; ‘Pis’ma moi’, 11: 35.
61 Fischer, Life, 57–8; Aronson, Rossiia, 47–52; Valentinov, Encounters, 42.
62 Service, Lenin, 2: 169–77, 185; Rabinowitch, Prelude, 46–7; Trotsky, History, 340.
63 Rabinowitch, Prelude, 42–5. For the view that the Central Committee had been planning a putsch see Pipes, Russian Revolution, 401–5.
64 Mawdsley, Baltic Fleet, 6–7, 21, 34, 51–3; RPG, 3: 1296–9; Raskolnikov, Kronstadt, 34.