80 Kommunisticheskii internatsional’, 1 May 1919; Zinoviev, Sochineniia, 15: 281; Carr, Bolshevik, 3: 180–1, 192.
81 Istoricheskii arkhiv, 1 1992: 12–30.
82 Ibid., 16–17.
83 Trotsky Papers, 1: 623, 625; Agabekov, OGPU, 16.
84 Wells, Russia in the Shadows, 99; Congress of Peoples of the East, 34.
85 Lenin, PSS, 48: 163.
86 Bulgakov, White Guard, 266; Graziosi, ‘Piatakov’, 121–4.
87 Ordzhonikidze, Stat’i i rechi, 1: 106–7; Resolution and Decisions of the Communist Party, 2: 102.
88 Majstrenko, Borot’bism, 191.
89 Krawchenko, Social Change, 55; Mace, Communism, 69.
90 Rorlich, Volga Tatars, 138.
91 Pipes, Formation, 182; Park, Bolshevism in Turkestan, 36.
92 Becker, Russia’s Protectorates, 299–301; Park, Bolshevism in Turkestan, 133–4, 375.
93 Gokay, ‘Turkish’; Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaidzhan, 147ff.
94 PRO, FO 371/3404.
95 Hovannisen, Republic, 2: 249–50, 291.
96 Suny, Making, 192–9, 205–6.
97 Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 164.
98 Suny, Making, 210; Lenin, PSS, 42: 367; 43: 199; Jones, ‘Establishment’, 623–8.
99 Wrangel, Memoirs, 171–5.
100 Miliukov, Russia Today and Tomorrow, 181; Obolenskii, ‘Krym’, 27, 31–2, 35, 41–2; Rakovskii, Konets, 84–5, 147–50.
101 Wrangel, Memoirs, 175, 191; Obolenskii, ‘Krym’, 11–15, 30–2; Miliukov, Russia Today and Tomorrow, 178–9; Gukovskii (ed.), ‘Agrarnaia’, 52–3, 69–72.
102 Valentinov, ‘Krymskaia’, 15–16.
103 Kalinin, Pod znamenem, 104; Rakovskii, Konets, 9, 158.
104 Wrangel, Memoirs, 274–5; Obolenskii, ‘Krym’, 17; Rakovskii, Konets, 82–4.
105 Valentinov, ‘Krymskaia’, 85–6; Bechhofer, In Denikin’s, ch. 7; Kenez, Defeat, 306–8.
106 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 2, d. 18.
15 Defeat in Victory
1 Os’kin, Khoziaistvennaia, 16–20, 24; TsGANKh, f. 3429, op. 1, d. 1527, l. 16, 190.
2 TsGANKh, f. 3429, op. 1, d. 1487, l. 25; d. 1527, l. 5; f. 1884, op. 28, d. 1; Doklad ot narodnogo komissara putei soobshcheniia, 5–9; Narodnyi komissariat putei soobshcheniia, 6; Rosenberg, ‘Social Background’, 364–7.
3 Krasnoarmeets, 16–20, Feb 1920, 8; Tretii Vserossiiskii s’ezd professional’nykh soiuzov, I: 87–90, 97.
4 Deviatyi s’ezd RKP(b), 94; NZh, 11 Nov 1917.
5 GARF, f. 5451, op. 3, d. 336; op. 4, d. 148, 289; f. 382, op. 4, d. 477; f. 130, op. 3, d. 363; TsGANKh, f. 1637, op. 1, d. 359, 361; f. 3429, op. 1, d. 857; Brovkin, Behind, ch. 2.
6 Dva goda deiatel’nosti TsK po snabzheniiu rabochikh; Malle, Economic, 123–35, 182–4.
7 Trotsky, HRA, 3: 47–52, 65–7; GAKO, f. 193, op. 2, d. 159, l. 102; Stites, Revolutionary, 19–24; Os’kin, Khoziaistvennaia, 78–9; Donskii, ‘Ot Moskvy’, 208; GARF, f. 130, op. 5, d. 1037, l. 19–20; op. 3, d. 104, l. 30, 68; TsGANKh, f. 3429, op. 1, d. 1527, l. 1–6; d. 857, l. 148; Bunyan (ed.), Origin, 71–4.
8 Chase, ‘Voluntarism’, 115; GARF, f. 539, op. 1, d. 3190, l. 30.
9 Banerji, ‘Commissars’, 264; Ransome, Six Weeks, 88–92; Malle, Economic, 153–85.
10 McAuley, Bread, 286–95; Sorokin, Leaves, 220; GARF, f. 539, op. 1, d. 3190, l. 12–15.
11 Figes, Peasant Russia, 295–308; TsGANKh, f. 478, op. 3, d. 1157, l. 58; op. 4, d. 69, l. 60; Kabanov, Krest’ianskoe, 240–73.
12 GARF, f. 130, op. 3, d. 414; Brovkin, Behind, 287–99.
13 Rosenberg, ‘Social Background’; Schapiro, Origin, 256–92; Fitzpatrick, Cultural Front, 25–30; Sakwa, Soviet, 216–60.
14 Sokolov, White Nights, 67–72.
15 Burleigh, Death, 11.
16 Joravsky, Russian Psychology, 53–63, 207–13; Trotskii, Sochineniia, XXI: 110–12.
17 Stites, Revolutionary, 32–3; Bogdanov, Red Star, 60–77, 196.
18 Gor’kii, Polnoe sobranie sochineniia, 24: 18–19; AG, Pg-In.
19 Scherrer, ‘Écoles’, 265; RTsKhIDNI, f. 17, op. 60, d. 43, l. 19; Read, Culture, 113–14.
20 Mally, ‘Intellectuals’; Read, Culture, 89–90, 111–33; Fitzpatrick, Commissariat, 129–33; Stites, Revolutionary, 70–1; McClelland, ‘Utopianism’, 411.
21 Michelson, ‘Wings’, 61–9; Taylor, Politics, 36.
22 Stites, Revolutionary, 94–5, 136; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 305–8.
23 Bowlt, ‘Constructivism’, 204; Stites, Revolutionary, 90.
24 Harrison, Marooned, 125–6; Chagall, My Life, 137; Pethybridge, Social, 149; Donskii, ‘Ot Moskvy’, 199.
25 Clements, ‘Effects’, 105.
26 Stites, Women’s, 362, 377; Goldman, Women, 7; Farnsworth, ‘Village’, 246; Fitzpatrick, ‘Sex’, 268–9; Goldman, ‘Working-Class’, 129–30, 134–9.
27 Bonch-Bruevich, Vospominaniia, 380; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 299.
28 Zenzinov, Deserted, 27; Fitzpatrick, Commissariat, 31–3, 67, 218; McClelland, ‘Utopianism’, 119–24.
29 Stites, Revolutionary, 146–57; Toller, Which, 114; Gastev, ‘O tendentsiiakh’, 44–5; ABC, 75.
30 GARF, f. 130, op. 2, d. 153, l. 12; d. 163, l. 60; Stites, Revolutionary, 105–9; Moscow News, 19–26 August, 1990; Karpov, ‘Po volnam’, 40–1; Hindus, Red, 275–6.
31 Stites, Revolutionary, 110; Tumarkin, Lenin, 71–2.
32 Stites, Revolutionary, 111–13; Kolonitskii, ‘Revolutionary Names’, 211–12, 223; Stites, Women’s, 364.
33 Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 347–9; Vasil’eva, ‘Russkaia’, 43–4; RTsKhIDNI, f. 5, op. 2, d. 48, l. 29, 81–2; Izvestiia TsK, 4, 1990, 190–3; Moscow News, 19–26 August 1990.
34 Agursky, Third Rome, 266–7; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 356; Yodfat, ‘Closure’; GARF, f. 353, op. 3, d. 755, l. 125–31, 167–9, 201–2, 237–9; Gitelman, Century, 118.
35 Figes, Peasant Russia, 147–50; GARF, f. 4390, op. 12, d. 40, l. 17, 24.
36 TsGALI, f. 552, op. 1, d. 3827, l. 49.
37 Volia Rossii, 18 Jan 1921; Figes, Peasant Russia, 269–72.
38 GARF, f. 5556, op. 1, d. 35a, 50; f. 130, op. 3, d. 414, l. 7–8; op. 5, d. 712, l. 53; Volia Rossii, 22 March, 27 July 1921; Trotsky Papers, 2: 386–7.
39 Trotsky Papers, 2: 492–5; RGVA, f. 7, op. 2, d. 483, l. 8; f. 235, op. 5, d. 63, l. 5, 6, 9, 10, 19–21, 25, 37, 38; d. 217, l. 15; GATO, f. 1832, op. 1, d. 631, l. 16, 26, 84; Antonovshchina, 95–6, 150–9; Radkey, Unknown, 38, 139–43, 192–6; Trifonov, Klassy, 37, 246; BA, Lidin Collection, ‘Antonovshchina’, 6.
40 GATO, f. 1832, op. 1, d. 834, l. 9; GARF, f. 130, op. 3, d. 414, l. 35, 61; Figes, Peasant Russia, 329, 349.
41 Antonovshchina, 198–210; Brovkin, Behind, 363–8; Trotsky Papers 2: 46–51; Figes, Peasant Russia, 326, 348–9.
42 Trotsky Papers, 2: 504–7; GARF, f. 130, op. 5, d. 712, l. 34; Trifonov, Klassy, 80, 111; Krasnaia armiia, 3–4, 1921, 35–9.
43 Figes, Peasant Russia, 329–31, 334, 339, 344; GARF, f. 130, op. 5, d. 712, l. 27; Trotsky Papers, 2: 404–5; Volia Rossii, 21 Dec 1920.
44 Trotsky Papers, 2: 480; Figes, Peasant Russia, 346–7, 351; Radkey, Unknown, 319–20; Gorky, Russian, 18; GARF, f. 130, op. 5, d. 712, l. 23.
45 Lenin, PSS, 43: 18, 82.
46 Pravda, 22 Jan 1921; Dan, Dva, 104–5.
47 New York Times, 6 March 1921; Sakwa, Soviet, 244–5.
48 Brovkin, Behind, 391–4; Dan, Dva, 106; Kronshtadtskii miatezh, 26.
49 Sukhanov, Russian, 446; Getzler, Kronstadt, 173–6, 209–11; Radkey, Unknown, 404; Pravda o Kronshtadte, 145.
50 Pravda o Kronshtadte, 46–7; Getzler, Kronstadt, 205–8, 218–19, 223–9.
51 Volia Rossii, 17 March 1921; Avrich, Kronstadt, 76–87; Kronshtadtskii miatezh, 146–7; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 382.
52 Avrich, Kronstadt, 151–4; Berkman, Bolshevik, 303.
53 Pravda o Kronshtadte, 82–4.
54 Balabanoff, Impressions, 97–8; Balabanoff, Life, 252; Lenin, PSS, 43: 41.
55 Carr, Bolshevik, 2: 280–6; Schapiro, Origin, 307, 309; Antonovshchina, 109–10, 307; RTsKhIDNI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 128, l. 1.
56 Desiaty s’ezd, 403–15; Mikoian, Mysli, 156.
57 Avrich, Kronstadt, 46–51, 202–16; Sakwa, Soviet, 245–6; Sorokin, Leaves, 268–9; Levin, Stormy, 210; RTsKhIDNI, f. 76, op. 3, d. 167.