58 Berkman, Bolshevik, 303.
59 Esikov and Protasov, ‘ “Antonovshchina” ’, 52; RGVA, f. 235, op. 2, d. 82, l. 40; op. 5, d. 133, l. 70; f. 33988, op. 2, d. 315, l. 256; Trotsky Papers, 2: 537; Volia Rossii, 27 July 1921.
60 Trotsky Papers, 2: 482, 518, 529; Volia Rossii, 28 April 1921.
61 Arbatov, ‘Batko’, 112.
62 Schapiro, Origin, 205; Jansen, Show, 128.
63 New Economic, 58; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 369; Lenin, PSS, 43: 27, 329.
64 Lenin, PSS, 43: 25; 44: 163; 45: 82, 387–8.
65 Cohen, Bukharin, 138–41; Goldman, My Further, 23.
66 Barmine, One, 124–5; Goldman, My Further, 201–2; Ball, Russia’s, 16.
16 Deaths and Departures
1 Correspondence, 26: 56.
2 Mawdsley, Russian, 285–7; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 508–9; Fisher, Famine, 83; TsGALI, f. 552, op. 1, d. 3827, l. 48; GARF, f. 130, op. 4, d. 245, l. 174–80.
3 Donskii, ‘Ot Moskvy’, 205; Sorokin, Sovremennoe, 229–32; Shklovsky, Sentimental, 170; Izvestiia gosudarstvennogo kontrolia, 3–4, 1919, 33; GARF, f. 4390, op. 12, d. 40, l. 17, 24, 53.
4 GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 21a, l. 65; Cheka, 11; Fisher, Famine, 97; Gorky, ‘On the Russian’, 16, 18.
5 Figes, Peasant Russia, 267–73, 274–6.
6 Kniga o golode, 7, 16, 38–42, 48–53, 119, 123; Volia Rossii, 28, 29 Sep 1921; BA, ARA, Information Relative to Relief Work in Russia, Memo April 1922; Fisher, Famine, 90.
7 Itogi bor’by, 196; Kniga o golode, 52, 131–2, 140; Zenzinov, Deserted, 72–4; Fisher, Famine, 98; Raleigh (ed.), Russian, 209–10.
8 Conquest, Harvest.
9 AG, Pg-In; BA, Polner Collection, Box 1, Letter from Lvov to F. Rodichev, 10 Sep 1921; Wolfe, Bridge, 108–9; Heller, ‘Premier’, 131–44.
10 PSS, 53: 110–11; Heller, ‘Premier’, 147ff; Wolfe, Bridge, 112.
11 Fisher, Famine, 195–210, 308–32, 553, 557.
12 ARA Bulletin, ser. 2, 28: 6.
13 Ball, ‘Survival’, 34, 36–7, 41–2, 47; Ball, And Now My Soul, chs 1–3; Sorokin, Sovremennoe, 66.
14 Lenin and Gorky, 163; Zenzinov, Deserted, 10–17; Juviler, ‘Contradictions’, 263–5; Serge, Memoirs, 98; Biulleten’ otdela sotsial’nogo obezpecheniia i okhrana truda, 1, 1919: 17, 44–5.
15 Berberova, Italics, 188–9; Shub, ‘Maksim’, 244.
16 Khodasevich, Nekropol, 233–4; Khodasevich, Belyi koridor, 227–34; RTsKhIDNI, f. 75, op. 1, d. 149; Lenin and Gorky, 145–8.
17 AG, Pg-Rl, 23–44–35; RTsKhIDNI, f. 75, op. 1, d. 70; Fitzpatrick, Commissariat, 131.
18 Pyman, Life, 2: 274, 290–1, 374–5; Gorky, Fragments, 142–3; Vogel (ed.), Alexander, 75; AG, Pg-Rl, 23–44–3; Rg-P, 46–1–40.
19 Khodasevich, Nekropol, 113–40; Wolfe, Bridge, 121–2. Nadezhda Mandelstam, hostile to Gorky, claims he did nothing to intervene on behalf of Gumilev (Hope Abandoned, 88).
20 Pyman, Life, 2: 379; Berberova, Italics, 123.
21 TsGALI, f. 200, op. 1, d. 80, l. 3; f. 2226, op. 1, d. 1067; f. 66, op. 1, d. 296, l. 5; d. 312, l. 4–5; d. 324, l. 1–2; d. 913, l. 18; f. 122, op. 3, d. 13, l. 1, 5–7.
22 Pravda, 11 Jan 1923; Morizet, Chez, 241–2.
23 Lenin, PSS, 42: 159; Liberman, Building, 60; Stites, Revolutionary, 48–50; Wells, Russia, 135.
24 Danilov, Rural, 160–72, 271–91; Danilov, Sovetskaia, 212.
25 Mironov, ‘Gramotnost’ ’; Danilov, Rural, 42–4, 231–43.
26 Shanin, Awkward, 189–90; Kenez, Birth, 173, 186; Ocherki byta, 10–12.
27 Hagen, Soldiers, 300–2, 314–15; Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s, 36.
28 Iakovlev, Derevnia, 74; Khataevich, ‘Partiia’, 106; Iakovlev, Nasha, 33, 163; Male, Russian, 93–4; Weissman, ‘Policing’, 179.
29 GARF, f. 130, op. 4, d. 245, l. 377; Gorky, ‘On the Russian’, 23, 74; Izvestiia TsK, 2, 1989: 204.
30 Volkogonov, Lenin, 425–7; Izvestiia TsK, 12, 1989: 198.
31 Izvestiia TsK, 12, 1989: 197.
32 Volkogonov, Stalin, 69; Antonov-Ovseenko, Time, 25–6.
33 Fainsod, How, 182; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 462; Antonov-Ovseenko, Time, 27–9.
34 Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 467; Izvestiia TsK, 12, 1989: 198; Lenin, PSS, 53: 300.
35 Naumov, ‘1923 god’, 36; Lenin, PSS, 45: 327; Trotsky, My Life, 498–9.
36 RTsKhIDNI, f. 5, op. 2, d. 27, l. 88; Lenin, PSS, 40: 710; Volkogonov, Stalin, 80; Valentinov, Novaia, 185–7; Antonov-Ovseenko, Time, 23; Moscow News, 23 April 1989.
37 Fotieva, Iz zhizni, 279; Moscow News, 22 Jan 1989.
38 Izvestiia TsK, 9, 1989: 191, 196, 199–200, 205–6; Lenin, PSS, 45: 211–13, 356–62, 557–8; 54: 299–300, 330; Pravda, 12 Aug 1988.
39 Lenin, PSS, 45: 344–6.
40 Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 478; Lenin, PSS, 45: 327–30; 54: 674–5; Izvestiia TsK, 12, 1989: 193, 198.
41 Izvestiia Tsk, 4, 1990: 109; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 479; Volkogonov, Lenin, 428–9.
42 Weber and Weber, Lenin, 197; Nikolaevsky, Power, 12.
43 This emerges clearly from the recently published Stalin’s Letters to Molotov.
44 Deutscher, Prophet Unarmed, 106; Trotsky, My Life, ch. 40; Ziv, Trotskii, 76.
45 Izvestiia TsK, 5, 1990: 169–70; 6, 1990: 190. The phrase ‘police regime’ was borrowed from Bukharin (Izvestiia TsK, 10, 1990: 168).
46 Izvestiia TsK, 5, 1990: 178–9; 7, 1990: 176–89; Deutscher, Prophet Unarmed, 118; Broué, Trotsky, 373; Voprosy Istorii KPSS, 5, 1990: 35–7.
47 Izvestiia TsK, 10, 1989: 188–9; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 485.
48 Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 119–33.
49 New York Times, 15 June 1992.
50 Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 139–49, 160–4, ch. 6.
51 Argumenty i fakty, 576, Nov 1991, 1; The Times, 19 Jan 1994.
Conclusion
1 AG, PG-In.
2 Delo derevni, 20 Sep, 3 Nov 1917.
3 Kuromiya, Stalin’s, xi; Vorobei, Odin, 13.
4 BA, Bakhmeteff Collection, Box 5; Poslednie novosti, 8 March 1925.
5 GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 21a, l. 22–4; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18; BA, Brusilov Collection, mss. ‘Gazeta “Dni” ’.
6 GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 219, l. 197–215.
7 A Radical Worker, 389–91; RTsKhIDNI, f. 72, op. 3, d. 687; Zelnik, ‘Fate’, 9–11.
8 AG, Pg-In; Berberova, Italics, 189; Troyat, Gorky, 156, 160; Moscow News, 25 Jan 1990.
9 Troyat, Gorky, 154.
10 Ivanov, ‘Pochemu’, 105–6, 109–10, 116, 129; Spiridonova, ‘Gorky and Stalin’, 417–18.
11 Serge, Memoirs, 268; Ivanov, ‘Pochemu’, 101–2, 127–8, 131.
12 Spiridonova, ‘Gorky and Stalin’, 418–23; Ivanov, ‘Pochemu’, 120–6. For a different view of Maxim’s death see Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive, 262–6.
13 Tucker, Stalin in Power, 362–5; Conquest, Great Terror, 387–9; Ivanov, ‘Pochemu’, 133.
Glossary
ataman Cossack chieftain
Black Hundreds extremist rightwing paramilitary groups and proto-parties (for the origin of the term see here)
Bund Jewish social democratic organization
burzhooi popular term for a bourgeois or other social enemy (see here)
Cheka Soviet secret police 1917–22 (later transformed into the OGPU, the NKVD and the KGB); the Cheka’s full title was the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Struggle against Counter-Revolution and Sabotage
Defensists socialist supporters of the war campaign (1914–18) for national defence; the Menshevik and SR parties were split between Defensists and Internationalists
desyatina measurement of land area, equivalent to 1.09 hectares or 2.7 acres
Duma the state Duma was the elected lower house of the Russian parliament 1906–17; the municipal dumas were elected town councils
guberniia province (subdivided into uezdy and volosti)
Internationalists socialists opposed to the war campaign (1914–18) who campaigned for immediate peace through international socialist collaboration; the Menshevik and SR parties were split between Defensists and Internationalists