Armenia
Carahunge
Australia
Aboriginal Astronomy Emu in the Sky
Bolivia
Andean Mountain Shrines Island of the Sun
Cambodia
Angkor
Canada
Inuit Cosmology Medicine Wheels
Chile
Andean Mountain Shrines Easter Island
China
Chinese Astronomy
Colombia
Barasana “Caterpillar Jaguar” Constellation
Egypt
Ancient Egyptian Calendars Coffin Lids Egyptian Temples and Tombs Nabta Playa Pyramids of Giza
Ethiopia
Borana Calendar Mursi Calendar
France
Abri Blanchard Bone Crucuno Grand Menhir Brisй
French Polynesia
Mangareva
Germany
Nebra Disc
Greece
Mainland
Delphic Oracle Hesiod (Eighth Century B.C.E.) Temple Alignments in Ancient
Greece
Crete
Minoan Temples and Tombs
Guatemala
Group E Structures Maya Long Count Mesoamerican Calendar Round Venus in Mesoamerica
Indonesia
Javanese Calendar
Iraq
Babylonian Astronomy and Astrology
Ireland
Axial Stone Circles Beltany Boyne Valley Tombs Drombeg Megalithic Monuments of Britain
and Ireland Newgrange Short Stone Rows Stone Circles Wedge Tombs
Israel and Palestinian Territories
Rujm el-Hiri Crucifixion of Christ Star of Bethlehem
Italy
Mainland
Julian Calendar Pantheon
Sardinia
Is Paras Nuraghi
Japan
Land of the Rising Sun
Kenya
Borana Calendar Namoratung’a
Mexico
Aztec Sacred Geography Cacaxtla Caracol at Chichen Itza Dresden Codex Governor’s Palace at Uxmal Horizon Calendars of Central Mexico Kukulcan Maya Long Count Mesoamerican Calendar Round Mesoamerican Cross-Circle Designs Presa de la Mula
Teotihuacan Street Grid Venus in Mesoamerica Zenith Tubes
Peru
Andean Mountain Shrines Ceque System Cusco Sun Pillars Misminay Nasca Lines and Figures Quipu
Portugal
Antas
Romania
Sarmizegetusa Regia
Spain
Mainland
Antas Saroeak
Balearic Islands
Son Mas Taulas
Sweden
Swedish Rock Art
Tonga
Ha‘amonga-a-Maui
United Kingdom
England and Wales
Avebury Bush Barrow Gold Lozenge Circles of Earth, Timber, and Stone Cumbrian Stone Circles Cursus Monuments Fiskerton Iron-Age Roundhouses Megalithic Monuments of Britain
and Ireland Stone Circles
Stonehenge Thornborough Tri-Radial Cairns
Scotland
Ballochroy Brainport Bay Brodgar, Ring of Callanish Circles of Earth, Timber, and Stone Clava Cairns Iron-Age Roundhouses Kintraw Maes Howe Megalithic Monuments of Britain
and Ireland Recumbent Stone Circles Short Stone Rows Stone Circles
United States of America
Mainland
Cahokia Casa Rinconada Chaco Canyon Chaco Meridian Chaco Supernova Pictograph Fajada Butte Sun Dagger Hopewell Mounds Hopi Calendar and Worldview Lakota Sacred Geography Medicine Wheels Navajo Cosmology Navajo Hogan Navajo Star Ceilings
Pawnee Cosmology Pawnee Earth Lodge Pawnee Star Chart
Hawaiian Islands
Hawaiian Calendar Kumukahi Kumulipo N§ Pali Chant Necker Island
Venezuela
Yekuana Roundhouses
Wide Geographical Extent
The following broad case studies are not confined to a single country or even a few countries, and in some cases not even to a single continent:
Church Orientations Gregorian Calendar Islamic Astronomy Mithraism Navigation in Ancient Oceania Polynesian and Micronesian
Astronomy Polynesian Temple Platforms and Enclosures Prehistoric Tombs and Temples in
Europe Roman Astronomy and Astrology Sky Bears Star Compasses of the Pacific Zenith Stars in Polynesia
This list provides a broad indication of the date range, or the principal data range, within which particular case studies fall. The ranges chosen are unavoidably arbitrary, and in such a very wide variety of examples the accuracy to which a date can be quoted varies considerably, both because of the inherent nature of the example concerned and the different types of dating evidence available in any given case. As a general rule we can only present a best estimate on the basis of current evidence. Some items span more than one date range, and the “Modern indigenous” category includes several examples where cultural traditions demonstrably extend back well into the past. Entries not confined to a single date range or even a few such ranges are listed separately at the end.
Labels such as Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Copper/Bronze/Iron Age, etc. have been avoided here on the grounds that they reflect developments occurring at (sometimes very) different dates in different parts of the world and place undue emphasis upon purely technological innovation. Readers interested in the correlation between astronomical practice and the nature of the human society concerned are referred to the Cultural Index that follows.
c. 30,000 B.C.E. Circles of Earth, Timber, and Stone Abri Blanchard Bone Coffin Lids Crucuno
Fourth millennium B.C.E. Cumbrian Stone Circles
Antas Egyptian Temples and Tombs
Boyne Valley Tombs Grand Menhir Brisй
Cursus Monuments Maes Howe
Megalithic Monuments of Britain Megalithic Monuments of Britain
and Ireland and Ireland
Nabta Playa Prehistoric Tombs and Temples in
Newgrange Europe
Prehistoric Tombs and Temples in Pyramids of Giza
Europe Recumbent Stone Circles
Thornborough Rujm el-Hiri
Stone Circles Third millennium B.C.E. Stonehenge
Ancient Egyptian Calendars Thornborough
Antas Wedge Tombs
Avebury
Babylonian Astronomy and Second millennium B.C.E.
Astrology Ancient Egyptian Calendars Beltany Axial Stone Circles Brodgar, Ring of Babylonian Astronomy and Callanish Astrology Carahunge Ballochroy
Brainport Bay Bush Barrow Gold Lozenge Circles of Earth, Timber, and Stone Clava Cairns Coffin Lids Drombeg Egyptian Temples and Tombs Is Paras Kintraw Megalithic Monuments of Britain