Polynesian
Ha‘amonga-a-Maui Hawaiian Calendar Kumukahi Kumulipo N§ Pali Chant
Polynesian and Micronesian Astronomy* Polynesian Temple Platforms and Enclosures*
*Indicates entries that span societies of which only some are generally supposed to be chiefdoms, or where the chiefdom categorization is particularly debatable. They are also included under pastoral/agricultural.
State
Near and Far Eastern Civilizations
Ancient Egyptian Calendars Angkor Babylonian Astronomy and
Astrology Chinese Astronomy Coffin Lids Egyptian Temples and Tombs Land of the Rising Sun Pyramids of Giza
Classical Civilizations (Greece and Rome)
Crucifixion of Christ Delphic Oracle Hesiod (Eighth Century B.C.E.) Julian Calendar Minoan Temples and Tombs Mithraism Pantheon Roman Astronomy and Astrology Star of Bethlehem Temple Alignments in Ancient
Greece
Mesomerican City-States
Aztec Sacred Geography Cacaxtla Caracol at Chichen Itza Dresden Codex Governor’s Palace at Uxmal Group E Structures Kukulcan Maya Long Count Mesoamerican Calendar Round Mesoamerican Cross-Circle Designs Teotihuacan Street Grid Venus in Mesoamerica Zenith Tubes
Inca State Ceque System Cusco Sun Pillars Island of the Sun Quipu
Wide Cultural Extent
The following items cover a wide range of human societies:
Church Orientations Gregorian Calendar Islamic Astronomy Sky Bears
Aborigines Abri Blanchard bone, 5–7, 228 Accuracy and precision, 347–348 Acronical rise and set, 7, 180. See also
Heliacal rise and set Acrux, 129 Adena, 183 Africa:
Borana calendar, 45–46, 60, 284–285 burial orientations, 320 Namoratung‘a, 60, 284–285
See also specific people or locations
Aldebaran, 199, 246–247, 285 Alignment studies, 8, 20 archaeological verification at Kintraw,
211–213 archaeotopography, 23 astro-archaeology, 24 astronomical dating, 27–29 field survey, 158–160 GPS surveys, 165 green archaeoastronomy, 20–21, 169,
169, 189, 247, 399 methodological issues, 159, 262–263 Neolithic “megalithic calendars”
hypothesis, 248–250 orientation, 319–321 parallax corrections, 234–235 precession and, 346–347 science versus symbolism debate,
375–376 statistical analysis, 399–401 See also British megalithic structures;
Equinoctial alignments; Lunar alignments; Solar alignments; Solstitial alignments; Stone circles; Thom, Alexander; specific sites, structures
Index
Alignment studies, Alexander Thom and.
See Thom, Alexander Alnilam, 199 Alnitak, 199 Altair, 199 Altar tomb, 435–436 Altitude, 8–9, 129, 159, 424
compass and clinometer surveys, 112
extinction angle, 154 Amun-Ra, temple of, 144 Anasazi (Pueblo culture), Chaco Canyon.
See Chaco Canyon Andean cultures. See Inca Andean mountain shrines, 13 Andesite Sun, 372 Andorra, 380 Angkor, 14–16
“constellation map,” 16, 113–114,
262, 355 Angkor Wat, 14–15 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 232 Antas, 17–18, 350 Antizenith passage of the sun, 19, 127 Aotearoa, 301 Applied historical astronomy, 142 Arab/Islamic astronomy, 199–202 Archaeoastronomy, 19–23
applied historical astronomy, 142 astro-archaeology, 24 brown, 20–21, 52 definition, 19 ethnoastronomy, 152 ethnocentrism, 21 field survey, 158–160 green, 20–21, 169, 189, 247, 399 journals, 20 statistical analysis, 399–401
Archaeoastronomy, alignment studies. See Alignment studies
Archaeology: cognitive, 108–109 environmental, 108 post-processual, 21–22 processual, 21 social, 108 Archaeotopography, 23 Arcturus, 4, 396 Armenia, 65–67 Armenoi, 266 Ashanti, 320 Astro-archaeology, 24 Astrology, 24–27 Babylonian, 39–40 Chinese traditions, 24, 90, 92 ephemerides, 40 horoscopes, 26, 39–40 Roman, 366 Astronomical artifacts: Abri Blanchard bone, 5–7 Bush Barrow gold lozenge, 52–54 Inca quipu, 78, 291, 357–359 Nebra disc, 304–307 Pawnee star chart, 332–333 Tдi plaque, 7 Astronomical dating, 27–29 Astronomical instruments: ancient China, 91, 94 navigation gourds, 395 precision and accuracy, 347–348 zenith tubes, 188, 344, 444, 445–448 Astronomy, applied historical, 142 Atkinson, Richard, 225 Atmospheric extinction, 153. See also Extinction Atmospheric refraction, 364–365 Aubrey Holes, 382–383, 406–407 Auchmallidie, 363 Australian Aborigines, 1–5 celestial emu, 4, 22, 147–148 dreaming paths, 3, 223 Dreamtime, 2 Magellanic Clouds and, 241 rock art, 3–4 Autumnal equinox, 148–149. See also Equinoctial alignments Avebury, 29–30, 84, 100, 101, 123, 250 Aveni, Anthony, 20, 171, 262 Axial stone circles, 30–31, 134–136, 361, 435 Azimuth, 33, 129, 159, 200, 268–269, 424
compass and clinometer surveys, 112 GPS surveys, 165 Aztecs, 255 Calendar Round, 256 calendar system, 34 eclipse records, 382 lunar eclipses and, 232 meteors and, 344 rain and fertility beliefs, 56 sacred geography, 33–35, 223 space and time perceptions, 391 Venus and, 433
Babylon, 37–41, 233 astrology, 39–40 calendar system, 38 writing and number systems, 37–38 Ballochroy, 41–42, 252–253, 347, 377 Balnuaran, 103–105, 117 Baltic cultures, 26 Barasana celestial caterpillar, 27, 43, 116 Basque stone octagons (saroeak), 372–374 Bassi, Marco, 285 Bauer, Brian, 79 Bauval, Robert, 355 Bayesian paradigm, 401 B.C.E., 439 Bear, celestial, 378–380 Bellatrix, 285 Belmonte, Juan Antonio, 11 Beltaine, 75, 265 Beltany, Ireland, 44 Bencet, 208 Berrybrae, 363 Betelgeuse, 396 Bethlehem, Star of, 396–398 Big Horn, 246, 387 Bintang Weluku, 207–208 Bog causeway (Fiskerton), 160–162, 439 Bohonagh, 32 Boorong, 4 Borana calendar, 45–46, 60, 284–285 Boyne Valley tombs, 46–47, 150. See also Newgrange, Ireland Bradley, Richard, 101, 104, 363 Brainport Bay, Scotland, 48–50, 150, 204, 249–250, 386 British bog causeway, 160–162 British burial mounds (Bush Barrow), 52–54 British causewayed enclosures, 99–100
British cursus monuments, 123–126, 334, 427 British henge monuments, 125, 323, 335 Avebury, 29–30 Ring of Brodgar, 50–52 Thornborough, 125, 323, 335, 427–429 British Iron-Age roundhouses, 195–197, 320 British megalithic structures, 8, 250–252, 271–272, 401–404, 405–409 Ballochroy, 41–42, 252–253, 347, 377 Callanish, 61–63, 250, 389 Cumbrian stone circles, 122 Kintraw, 211–213, 253, 386 linear monuments, 84–85, 123 “megalithic calendar” hypothesis,