248–250 Ring of Brodgar, 50–52 stone transport, 402, 407 See also Ireland; Scotland; Stone circles; Stonehenge; specific sites or structures
British megalithic structures, Thom’s alignment studies of. See Thom, Alexander British Neolithic calendar, 237 British tri-radial cairns, 429–430 Brittany: Carnac, 119, 166, 348 Crucuno megalithic enclosure, 119–121 Grand Menhir Brisй, 166–168 tombs and cromlechs, 166 Broda, Johanna, 189 Brodgar, Ring of, 50–52, 253 Brown archaeoastronomy, 20–21, 52 Bruck, Peter, 242 Burial mounds: Bush Barrow, 52–54 Hopewell assemblage, 183–185 See also Cairns; Tombs Burl, Aubrey, 30, 61, 104, 122, 361 Bush Barrow gold lozenge, 52–54
Cacaxtla, Mexico, 55–57 Cahokia, 57–59, 183 Cahuachi, 335 Cairns: Clava, Scotland, 103–105, 117, 435 tri-radial, 429–430 Calendar systems, 59–61, 230 ancient Egyptian, 9–12, 107, 229 ancient Egyptian, coffin lids, 106–108
ancient Greece, 130, 230 ancient perceptions of space and time, 390 Aztec, 34 Babylon, 38 Borana, Africa, 45–46, 60, 284–285 “Celtic,” 44, 47, 60, 75–76, 95, 249, 265 Christianization of “pagan” festivals, 95, 270 dating Christ’s crucifixion, 118 diagonal star clocks, 107 functions, 60 Gregorian, 118, 169–170, 209 Hawaiian, 27, 176–179, 338, 343 Hopi, 186–187, 387 horizon calendars of central Mexico, 188–189, 258 Inca quipu, 358 Islamic, 201 Javanese, 207–208, 323 Jewish, 118 Julian, 118, 169–170, 208–209, 365 latitude and, 60 leap year, 208 Mesoamerican Calendar Round,
255–258 Mursi of Ethiopia, 274–277 names of days, 229 Neolithic “megalithic” structures, 248–250 Oceanic peoples, 337–338 peg-hole star calendars, 130, 230 sidereal month, 45, 79 Callanish, 61–63, 250, 389 Cambodia. See Angkor Canoe, Polynesian, 301 Canopus, 202 Caracol at Chichen Itza, 64–65 Carahunge, 65–67 Cardinal directions and alignments, 67–69, 254, 326 Chaco Canyon, 71, 82, 83–86 Chinese traditions, 222 church orientations, 68, 96–99, 151 Egyptian temple and tomb alignments, 145, 353 intercardinal directions and Skidi Pawnee cosmology, 330 Navajo hogans, 295–296 Orkney house and tomb orientations, 239–240
Index 505
Cardinal directions (cont.)
quadripartite cosmology, 68–69, 82–83, 122, 187, 240
solstitial directions, 388–389 Carlson, John, 55 Carnac, 119, 166, 348 Caroline Islands, 302, 323, 394–395 Casa Rinconada, 69–72, 84 Cassiopeia, 294 Castlerigg, 122 Catastrophic events, 72–74, 190
end of world prediction, 245 See also Comets; Meteors Caterpillar Jaguar constellation, 27, 43, 116 Causeway, Iron Age site at Fiskerton,
160–162, 439 Causewayed enclosures, 99–100 Cehtzuc, 163 Celestial divination. See Astrology Celestial equator, 129. See also Obliquity Celestial sphere, 74–75, 409
changes over time, 190 declination, 129 diurnal motion, 131 ecliptic, 142 heliacal rise, 180 meridian, 253–254
Celtic calendar, 44, 47, 60, 75–76, 249,
265 Christianization of “pagan” festivals, 95 equinoxes, 148
Centaurus, 418 Ceque system, 77–80, 106, 226, 291 Chaco Canyon, 80–83
cardinal orientations, 71 Casa Rinconada, 69–72, 84 computer simulation, 157 Fajada Butte sun dagger, 81, 89,
155–157, 262, 328 Great North Road, 71, 84, 85, 254 roads and trackways, 335 simulation, 159 supernova pictograph, 86–89,
111–112, 394 Chaco Meridian, 71, 83–86 Chamberlain, Von Del, 328 Chauncy, Henry, 96 Chichen Itza, 243
Caracol at, 64–65 Kulkulkan pyramid, 213–214, 262, 335
Child sacrifice, 34, 56
China, ancient, 26, 90–94 astronomical instruments, 91, 94 astronomical versus divinatory
(astrological) traditions, 92 cardinal alignments, 222 eclipse records and predictions, 92,
233, 382 Imperial Palace (Forbidden City),
93–94, 115, 343 lunar lodge system, 92–93 oracle bones, 24, 90, 92, 233 solstice ceremonies, 93–94
Christ, date of crucifixion, 117–119 Christian church orientation, 68, 96–99, 151 Christian traditions, Star of Bethlehem, 396–398 Christianization of “pagan” festivals, 95,
270 Chumash, 385 Church orientation, 68, 96–99, 151 Circles of earth, timber, and stone,
99–102. See also British megalithic structures; Stone circles; specific sites, structures
Circumpolar stars, 102–103, 145 Clava cairns, Scotland, 103–105, 117,
364, 435 Clinometer surveys, 113 Clocks, night, 11 Coal sack, 147–148 Cobo, Bernabй, 77–78, 105–106, 126,
203 Coffin lids, 106–108 Cognitive archaeology, 108–109 Coligny calendar, 75 Comet Encke, 413 Comets, 72–73, 110–112, 190, 344 Compass and clinometer surveys,
112–113, 424 Compass, star, 298, 302, 337, 394–395 Computer simulation, 157 Coneybury, 102 Constellation maps on the ground,
113–115, 262, 323 Angkor (Draco), 16, 113–114, 262, 355 Pyramids of Giza (Orion’s Belt), 16, 114, 323, 355 Constellations, 321–322 Aboriginal mythology, 3
Barasana caterpillar, 27, 43, 116 bears, 378–380 changes over time, 190 dark cloud emu, 4, 22, 147–148 Inuit cosmology, 194 Javanese stellar calendar, 207–208 Lakota, 142, 219, 223–224 Navajo star ceilings, 296–297 star naming conventions, 396
See also specific constellations
Cook, James, 1, 178–179, 217, 300, 302, 395 Corona Borealis, 332, 333 Corvus, 294 Cosmograms, 257, 259–261 Cosmology, 115–117 Inuit, 193–194 monuments and, 271–272 Navajo, 293–295 orientation and, 319 Pawnee, 329–331 quadripartite, 68–69, 82–83, 122, 187, 240, 388 Yekuana roundhouse, 439–441 Coyote, 294 Crab Nebula, 87 Crete, 266, 419–420 Cromlechs, 119, 166 Cross-circle designs, 257, 259–261 Crucifixion of Christ, 117–119, 232 Crucuno, Brittany, 119–121 Crump, Thomas, 326 Cuicuilco, 189 Cultural astronomy, 152 Cultural relativism, 153 Cumbrian stone circles, 122 Cup-marked stones, 44, 50, 114, 363 Cursus monuments, 123–126, 334, 427 Curvigrams, 400–401 Cusco (or Cuzco), 267 antizenith solar alignments, 19, 127 ceques, 77–80, 106, 226, 291 sun pillars, 126–127
Dating conventions, B.C.E. and years before 0, 439 Dating techniques: astronomical dating, 27–29 crucifixion of Jesus, 117–119, 232 dendrochronology, 73–74, 160 Days, names of, 229 Dead reckoning, 299, 303, 337
December solstice (winter solstice), 317, 385, 388, 409, 443. See also Solstices; Solstitial alignments Declination, 129–130, 159, 317, 409–410, 424 compass and clinometer surveys, 112 equinoxes and, 148 lunar parallax, 234–235 precession and, 346 refraction and, 365 Delphic oracle, 130–131, 335 Delphinus, 130–131, 335 Dendrochronology, 73–74, 160 Diagonal star clocks, 107 Diodorus, 61 Diurnal motion, 131 Divination, celestial. See Astrology Dolmen, Portuguese antas, 17–18, 350 Dolmenic hypogea, 350 Donald, Merlin, 325 Dorado constellation, 240 Dorset cursus, 124, 125 Dowth, Ireland, 46–47, 265 Doyle, Laurence, 285 Draco, 16, 262, 353 Dreaming paths, 3, 223 Dreamtime, 2 Dresden Codex, 20, 25, 59, 132–134, 257, 382 Dromberg, Ireland, 8, 32, 134–136, 263–264, 389