La Malinche, 56 Lakota, 116, 323 sacred geography, 219–221, 223–224 space and time perceptions, 391 Sun Dance, 220 zodiacal constellations, 142 Landscape, 223–224. See also Sacred geographies Latitude, 129 calendar correlation, 60 declination, 129 navigation, 299, 303 zenith stars, 444–445 Latvia, 26 Laval, Honorй, 241–242 Leap year, 208 Legesse, Asmerom, 285 Levantine megaliths, Rujm el-Hiri, 366–368 Lewis, David, 394, 444 Ley lines, 189, 224–226 Liller, William, 138 Linear monuments, cursus, 123–126, 427 Lithuania, 26 Llama, celestial, 267–269
Lockyer, Norman, 20, 146, 224, 227–228, 248, 250, 313, 389, 425 Long Meg and Her Daughters, 122 Longitude, determining, 303 Lughnasa, 75, 265 Lunar alignments, 426 Callanish, off Scotland, 61–63, 389 Casa Rinconada, Chaco Canyon, 69–72 Chaco Canyon structures, 156–157 Clava cairns, Scotland, 364 dating issues, 28–29 Grand Menhir Brisй, 166 obliquity of the ecliptic, 317 Ring of Brodgar, 51 Scottish recumbent stone circles, 361, 363–364 Lunar calendars, 228–230 Abri Blanchard bone, 6 ancient Greece, 130 appearance of new moon, 228–229 Babylonian system, 38 Borana system, 45–46 Coligny calendar, 75 Egyptian system, 9–12, 229 Hawaiian system, 177–178, 229 intercalary months, 9, 38, 75, 130, 229, 243 Islamic system, 201 Jewish system, 118 Mayan Long Count, 243–246 Metonic cycle, 230 Mursi system, 274–277 Polynesian, 242–243 Presa de Mula petroglyph, Mexico, 352 Roman, 208 sidereal month, 45–46 Lunar eclipses, 230–231 Chinese records, 92 dating Christ’s crucifixion, 118, 232 predicting, 232–233 records and predictions, 141–142 Saros cycle, 39, 161, 233 social impact of, 231–232, 344 Lunar lodges, 92–93 Lunar mansions, 200, 222 Lunar node cycle, 61, 155–156, 273 Lunar parallax, 234–235 Lunar phase cycle, 59, 228, 235–236, 272 Abri Blanchard bone, 6 correlations with personal
characteristics, 26
new moon, 6 Lunar standstill, 157, 167, 273 Lunar stations (anwв), 200 Lunation, 235 Luni-solar calendar, 229. See also Lunar
calendars
Machu Picchu, 267 MacKie, Euan, 49, 212, 237 Maes Howe, 103, 237–240, 250 Magellan, Ferdinand, 300 Magellanic Clouds, 3, 240–241 Magi, 397 Magnetic declination, 112 Magnetic north, 112, 129 Major standstill, 273 Majorville Cairn, 246 Mallorca, 28, 347, 390 Malville, Kim, 282 Mana, 443 Mangareva, 241–242, 338, 341 Maori:
lunar eclipses and, 232 Pleiades and, 337 Mars, 410–412
synodic period, 257, 411 Marshack, Alexander, 5 Maya, 243
ball game, 172–173 building and city orientations, 258 Calendar Round, 256 Caracol, 64–65 celestial divination, 25–26 Chichen Itza, 64–65, 213–214, 243,
262 Dresden Codex, 20, 25, 59, 132–134,
257, 382 eclipse records, 382 end of world prediction, 245 Governor’s palace at Uxmal, 8, 28,
163–164 Group E structures, 170–173 Kulkulkan pyramid, 213–214, 262,
335 language and script, 133 Long Count, 243–246 lunar calendar (the Long Count),
244–246 lunar eclipses and, 232, 233 Venus and, 433
McCluskey, Stephen, 98, 187 Measurement concepts, 326 Mecca, 202 Medicine wheels, 246–248, 387 “Megalithic astronomy,” 248. See also
Alignment studies; British megalithic structures; Thom, Alexander; specific sites, structures
“Megalithic” calendar, 248–250
Megalithic monuments of Britain and Ireland, 250–252. See also British megalithic structures; specific sites or structures
Megalithic “observatories,” 252–253. See also British megalithic structures; specific sites or structures
Megalithic yard, 121, 326, 403, 425, 426 Menkaure, 353 Menorca, 351, 417–418 Mercury, 191, 192 Meridian, 253–254 Meridian, Chaco, 71, 83–86 Mesoamerican astronomy and culture:
Cacaxtla, 55–57 Calendar Round, 188, 255–258 Caracol “observatory,” 64–65 cross-circle designs, 257, 259–261 eclipse records, 382 horizon calendars of central Mexico,
188–189, 258 Teotihuacan, 260, 421–423 Venus alignments and calendars, 28,
55, 134, 163–164, 257, 433–434 Xochicalco, 188, 344, 444, 445–448 zenith tubes, 188, 344, 444, 445–448 See also Aztecs; Maya
Meteorites, 110 Meteors, 72–74, 110, 190, 344 Methodology, 261–264
field surveys, 159 simulation, 157, 159 statistical analysis, 399–401
Metonic cycle, 230
Mexico: Cacaxtla, 55–57 horizon calendars of, 188–189 pecked cross-circle designs, 257,
259–261 Presa de Mula petroglyph, 351–352 Teotihuacan, 260, 421–423 Xochicalco, 188, 344, 444, 445–448
Mexico, Aztec culture and astronomy. See Aztecs
Index 511
Micronesia. See Polynesia and Micronesia Mid-quarter days, 265, 436 Middle Eastern megaliths, Rujm el-Hiri, 366–368 Midsummer’s Day, 385–386 Milky Way: dark cloud emu, 147–148 Egyptian lunar calendar and, 10 Magellanic Clouds, 240–241 Misminay astronomy and, 267–269 Mi‘kmaq, 380 Minard, 48–50 Minoan temples and tombs, 266, 419–420 Minor standstill, 273 Misminay, 21, 267–269, 388 Mississippian culture, 57–59, 183 Mithraic cult, 366 Mithraism, 269–270 Moai, 137 Mohenjodaro, 326 Molnar, Michael, 397 Monk’s Mound, 58 Monte Alban, 444, 446 Monte-Carlo methods, 400 Monuments and cosmology, 271–272 Moon, motions of, 272–273. See also Lunar calendars; Lunar phase cycle Moon Spirit, 194 Moose Mountain, 246 Morieson, John, 4 Mosque orientations, 202 Mountain shrines, Andean, 13 Mull, Isle of, 378 Mulloy, William, 138 Murray, Breen, 351–352 Mursi, 27, 60, 116, 228, 229, 274–277
Na Pali chant, 279–282, 338–339
Nabta Playa, 282–284
Nadir, 200
Names of days, 229
Namoratung‘a, 60, 284–285, 347
Nasca lines and figures, 286–292, 335
National socialists (Nazis), 292
Nationalism, 292–293
Native Americans: Hopewell mounds, 183–185 medicine wheels, 246–248, 387 northern “bear” constellations, 380 sacred geography, 219–221, 223–224 space and time perceptions, 391
See also Hopi; Navajo; Pawnee; specific peoples Native Americans, Puebloan culture. See Chaco Canyon Navajo: cosmology, 293–295 hogan design, 115, 196, 295–296 star ceilings, 296–297 Navigation, 298–300 ancient Oceanic peoples and, 299, 300–303, 337, 394–395 Australian Aborigines and, 4 Oceanic peoples and, 398, 445 Roman, 366 zenith stars, 445 Navigation gourds, 395 Nebra disc, 304–307 Necker Island, Hawai‘i, 216, 307–309, 318, 340, 444 New moon, 6, 228–229 New Zealand, 301 Newgrange, Ireland, 46–47, 103, 158, 228, 238, 250, 262, 309–312, 386, 415 Newton, Isaac, 117, 118 Night “clocks,” 11, 107 Nissen, Heinrich, 146, 312–313, 419 North celestial pole, 129, 254, 299, 343, 346, 378–379 North, magnetic versus true, 112, 129 North Road, Chaco Canyon, 71, 82, 85, 254 North-south alignments, 67 Chaco Canyon structures, 82, 83–86 See also Cardinal directions and alignments North Strone, 363 North, true, 112 Northern “bear” constellations, 378–380 Novae, 110, 111 Number concepts, 326 Nuraghi, 197–199, 313–314 Nut, 9–10, 143