I REVOLUTION
1. Polybius, Histories, Book 6. 54.
2. Ibid., 53.
3. Polybius, Histories, Book 1. 1.
4. Ibid., 20 & 59.
5. Livy, Book 21. 35.
6. Livy, Book 26. 11.
7. Peter Jones and Keith Sidwell (eds), The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 20–1.
8. Appian, Roman History, Book 8. 116.
9. Polybius, Histories, Book 36. 9.
10. Sallust, Conspiracy of Catiline, 10.
11. Appian, Roman History, Book 8. 69; W.V. Harris, ‘Roman Expansion in the West’ in A.E. Astin, F.W. Walbank, M.W. Frederiksen and R.M. Ogilvie (eds), Cambridge Ancient History (Cambridge, 1989), vol. 8, p. 154.
12. Livy, Periochae, 47; W.V. Harris, ‘Roman Expansion in the West’ in A.E. Astin, F.W. Walbank, M.W. Frederiksen and R.M. Ogilvie (eds), Cambridge Ancient History (Cambridge, 1989), vol. 8, p. 149.
13. Appian, Roman History, Book 8. 81–3.
14. Polybius, Histories, Book 36. 2.
15. Polybius, Histories, Book 31. 23.
16. Plutarch, Life of Tiberius Gracchus, 2.
17. Isidore, Etymologies, 2. 21. 4; Jones and Sidwell, World of Rome, p. 106.
18. Appian, Roman History, Book 8. 128.
19. Ibid., 129–30.
20. Ibid., 130–31.
21. Homer, Iliad, Book 6. 448–9.
22. Appian, Roman History, Book 8. 132.
23. Plutarch, Life of Tiberius Gracchus, 4; Appian, Roman History, Book 8. 133.
24. Appian, Roman History, Book 8. 134.
25. Plutarch, Life of Tiberius Gracchus, 8; Mary Beard and Michael Crawford, Rome in the Late Republic: Problems and Interpretations (London, 1999), p. 55.
26. Beard and Crawford, Rome in the Late Republic, p. 14.
27. Sallust, Conspiracy of Catiline, preface passim.
28. Appian, The Civil Wars, Book 1. 7.
29. Beard and Crawford, Rome in the Late Republic, p. 68.
30. Livy, Periochae, 55.
31. Plutarch, Life of Tiberius Gracchus, 8.
32. Ibid., 5.
33. Ibid.; Appian, Roman History, Book 6. 80.
34. Cassius Dio, Book 24. 83; Cicero, de haruspicum responsis, 43.
35. Plutarch, Life of Tiberius Gracchus, 8.
36. Ibid., 9.
37. Appian, Civil Wars, Book 1. 11.
38. Cicero, pro Sestio, 103; Appian, Civil Wars, Book 1. 10.
39. Plutarch, Life of Tiberius Gracchus, 12.
40. Ibid., 14.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., 16.
43. Ibid., 17.
44. Ibid., 18–19.
45. Ibid., 19.
II CAESAR
1. Cassius Dio, Book 43. 44.
2. Mary Beard and Michael Crawford, Rome in the Late Republic: Problems and Interpretations (London, 1999), p. 5.
3. Valerius Maximus, Book 6. 2.
4. Plutarch, Life of Caesar, 4; Suetonius, Life of the Deified Julius Caesar, 45.
5. Plutarch, Caesar, 4.
6. Suetonius, Deified Julius Caesar, 10.
7. Cicero, To Atticus, 2. 1.
8. Plutarch, Caesar, 13.
9. Suetonius, Deified Julius Caesar, 18.
10. Ibid., 22.
11. Cicero, To Atticus, 2. 19.
12. Cicero, On the Consular Provinces, 33.
13. Caesar, Commentaries on the Gallic War, Book 1. 14.
14. Ibid., 1.
15. Caesar, Gallic War, Book 4. 17.
16. Caesar, Gallic War, Book 7. 1; Cassius Dio, Book 39. 53.
17. Suetonius, Deified Julius Caesar, 26.
18. Sallust, War with Jugurtha, 86.
19. Plutarch, Life of Pompey,52.
20. Ibid., 53.
21. Sallust, Histories, Book 4. 69. 18: ‘Only a few prefer liberty, the majority seek nothing more than fair masters.’
22. Plutarch, Pompey, 54.
23. Letter from Caelius to Cicero in Cicero, Letters to Friends, 8. 1.
24. Caesar, Gallic War, Book 7. 1.
25. Ibid., 4.
26. Ibid., 8.
27. Plutarch, Caesar, 25.
28. Caesar, Gallic War, Book 7. 71.
29. Plutarch, Caesar, 15.
30. Caesar, Gallic War, Book 7. 86.
31. Plutarch, Caesar, 27.
32. Caesar, Gallic War, Book 7. 88.
33. Suetonius, Deified Julius Caesar, 25.
34. Plutarch, Caesar, 27.
35. Suetonius, Deified Julius Caesar, 26.
36. Caesar, Gallic War, Book 3. 10.
37. Letter from Caelius to Cicero in Cicero, To Friends, 8. 5.
38. Plutarch, Pompey, 55.
39. Letter from Caelius to Cicero in Cicero, To Friends, 8. 8.
40. Plutarch, Pompey, 57.
41. Ibid.
42. Letter from Caelius to Cicero in Cicero, To Friends, 8. 14.
43. Appian, The Civil Wars, Book 2. 30.
44. Ibid., 31; Cicero, To Atticus, 7. 8.
45. Caesar, The Civil War, Book 1. 1.
46. Appian, Civil Wars, Book 2. 32.
47. Ibid., 33.
48. Plutarch, Caesar, 32.
49. Ibid., 32; Appian, Civil Wars, Book 2. 35.
50. Suetonius, Deified Julius Caesar, 32.
51. Letter from Caesar to Cicero in Cicero, To Atticus, 9. 7.
52. Cicero, To Atticus, 8. 13