53. Cassius Dio, Book 41. 5.
54. Plutarch, Caesar, 33.
55. Lucan, Civil War, Book 2. 22ff.
56. Plutarch, Pompey, 61.
57. Cicero, To Atticus, 8. 2; 9. 18.
58. Plutarch, Caesar, 34; Cicero, To Friends, 14. 8; Cassius Dio, Book 41. 9.
59. Caesar, Civil War, Book 1. 26.
60. Ibid., 26.
61. Ibid., 26–8.
62. Ibid., 29; Plutarch, Caesar, 35.
63. Lucan, Civil War, Book 3. 110ff.
64. Caesar, Civil War, Book 1. 32–3.
65. Plutarch, Caesar, 35.
66. Caesar, Civil War, Book 3. 3.
67. Suetonius, Deified Julius Caesar, 58.
68. Caesar, Civil War, Book 3. 48.
69. Plutarch, Caesar, 41.
70. Ibid., 41.
71. Caesar, Civil War, Book 3. 85; Plutarch, Pompey, 68.
72. Lucan, Civil War, Book 7. 257ff; Plutarch, Caesar, 42.
73. Lucan, Civil War, Book 7. 319ff.
74. Caesar, Civil War, Book 3. 91.
75. Plutarch, Caesar, 45.
76. Plutarch, Pompey, 72.
77. Caesar, Civil War, Book 3. 99; Plutarch, Caesar, 46; Suetonius, Deified Julius Caesar, 75.
78. Plutarch, Pompey, 80; Plutarch, Caesar, 48.
79. Plutarch, Caesar, 67.
AUGUSTUS
1. Suetonius, Life of the Deified Augustus, 79.
2. Suetonius, Life of the Deified Julius Caesar, 88.
3. Suetonius, Deified Augustus, 10.
4. Cassius Dio, Book 47. 3; Appian, The Civil Wars, Book 4. 5. For other acts of savagery by Augustus, see also Suetonius, Deified Augustus, 15.
5. Cassius Dio, Book 51. 1.
6. Suetonius, Deified Augustus, 35; Cassius Dio, Book 54. 18.
7. Suetonius, Deified Augustus, 101.
8. Keith Hopkins, ‘Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 BC to AD 400)’, Journal of Roman Studies 70 (1980), pp. 101–25.
9. Suetonius, Deified Augustus, 23.
10. Augustus, My Achievements, 26.
11. Suetonius, Deified Augustus, 28.
12. Ibid., 29.
13. Ibid., 30.
14. Suetonius, Life of the Deified Claudius, 21.
15. Suetonius, Deified Augustus, 69.
16. Ibid., 99.
17. Strabo, Geography, Book 5. 3. 9.
III NERO
1. Peter Jones and Keith Sidwell (eds), The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture (Cambridge, 1997), p. 60.
2. Miriam Griffin, Nero: The End of a Dynasty (London, 1984), pp. 189ff.
3. David Shotter, Nero (London, 2005), p. 5.
4. Seneca, The Pumpkinification of the Divine Claudius, 10.3 – 14.1.
5. Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, Book 12. 68.
6. Suetonius, Life of Nero, 28.
7. Tacitus, Annals, Book 13. 14.
8. Ibid., 16.
9. Tacitus, Annals, Book 14. 1.
10. Seneca, On Clemency, 1. 1. 2.
11. Griffin, Nero, p. 66.
12. Suetonius, Nero, 26.
13. Ibid., 20; Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Book 19. 108; Book 28. 237.
14. Cornelius Nepos, Lives, preface; Tacitus, Annals, Book 14. 20; Griffin, Nero, p. 41.
15. Cassius Dio, Book 61. 17.
16. Cassius Dio, Book 62. 13.
17. Tacitus, Annals, Book 14. 56.
18. Cassius Dio, Book 62. 28.
19. Tacitus, Annals, Book 14. 60.
20. Cassius Dio, Book 62. 15.
21. Suetonius, Nero, 31; Tacitus, Annals, Book 15. 42.
22. Suetonius, Nero, 31.
23. Martial, Book on the Spectacles, 2. 4; Suetonius, Nero, 39; Suetonius, Life of the Deified Vespasian, 9.
24. Tacitus, Annals, Book 15. 44.
25. Ibid., 45.
26. Suetonius, Nero, 31.
27. Griffin, Nero, pp. 205ff.
28. Tacitus, Annals, Book 15. 58.
29. Ibid., 66.
30. Tacitus, Annals, Book 16. 5.
31. Cassius Dio, Book 62. 28.
32. Cassius Dio, Book 63. 1.
33. Griffin, Nero, p. 205.
34. Cassius Dio, Book 62. 28.
35. Tacitus, Histories, Book 2. 8. This shows how Nero remained popular with ordinary Roman citizens across the empire even after his death; the succession of people who falsely claimed to be the dead emperor were greeted with excitement.
36. Cassius Dio, Book 63. 12.
37. Ibid., 18.
38. Ibid., 13; Suetonius, Nero, 28.
39. Mary Beard, The Parthenon (London, 2002), p. 108.
40. Cassius Dio, Book 63. 21.
41. Suetonius, Nero, 41.
42. Ibid., 44.
43. Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Book 18. 35.
44. Suetonius, Nero, 47.
45. Tacitus, Histories, Book 1. 72.
46. Suetonius, Nero, 48.
47. Ibid., 49.
48. Tacitus, Histories, Book 1. 16.
49. Law on the Power of Vespasian, in Hermann Dessau (ed), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (Berlin, 1892-1916.) no. 244, AD 69/70.
50. Griffin, Nero, p. 207.
IV REBELLION
1. E. Mary Smallwood (ed.), The Jewish War (London, 1981), p. 463.