2. Martin Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judaea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt Against Rome, AD 66–70 (Cambridge, 1987), p. 115.
3. The Acts of the Apostles 25:22ff; G. Woolf (ed.), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World, (Cambridge, 2003), p. 350.
4. Josephus, The Jewish War, Book 2. 266.
5. Barbara Levick, Vespasian (London, 1999), p. 25; Josephus, Jewish War, Book 2. 197.
6. Cicero, On the Manilian Law, 65.
7. Woolf, Illustrated History of the Roman World, p. 350.
8. Neil Faulkner, Apocalypse: The Great Jewish Revolt Against Rome, AD 66–73 (Stroud, 2002), pp. 47–50. Faulkner estimates that the Jewish peasants paid not less than 15 per cent of their annual income to the Romans (p. 61).
9. Cassius Dio, Book 63. 22; Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Book 18. 35.
10. Josephus, Jewish War, Book 2. 277.
11. Ibid., 326.
12. Ibid., 342ff.
13. Ibid., 546ff; Fergus Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 BC – AD 337 (Cambridge, Mass.; London, 1993), p. 71.
14. Josephus, Jewish War, Book 2. 562.
15. Goodman, Ruling Class of Judaea, p. 177.
16. Suetonius, Life of the Deified Vespasian, 10 & 4.
17. Ibid., 1 & 4; Tacitus, Histories, Book 2. 76.
18. Suetonius, Life of the Deified Titus, 3 & 8.
19. Josephus, Jewish War, Book 2. 585.
20. Ibid., 614.
21. Tacitus, Histories, Book 5. 11.
22. Josephus, Jewish War, Book 3. 62.
23. Ibid., 406 & 135.
24. Ibid., 245.
25. Ibid., 383.
26. Ibid., 403.
27. Ibid., 536.
28. Josephus, Jewish War, Book 4. 121ff.
29. Ibid., 318.
30. Goodman, Ruling Class of Judaea, p. 180.
31. Tacitus, Histories, Book 1. 4.
32. Suetonius, Life of Vitellius, 16–17.
33. Goodman, Ruling Class of Judaea, p. 231ff.
34. Josephus, Jewish War, Books 5–7. These give the full account of the siege of Jerusalem which took place between March and September AD 70.
35. Josephus, Jewish War, Book 5. 451.
36. Ibid., 365.
37. Ibid., 466ff.
38. Ibid., 503.
39. Josephus, Jewish War, Book 6. 110.
40. Ibid., 241.
41. Ibid., 316.
42. Ibid., 333ff.
HADRIAN
1. Pliny the Younger, Panegyric, 4.
2. Cassius Dio, Book 68. 29.
3. Cassius Dio, Book 69. 2.
4. Danny Danziger and Nicholas Purcell, Hadrian’s Empire: When Rome Ruled the World (London, 2005) p. 15. A contemporary description of Hadrian’s character.
5. Imperial History, Life of Hadrian, 11.
6. Danziger and Purcell, Hadrian’s Empire, p. 178.
7. Ibid., p. 177.
8. Pliny the Younger, Letters, 1. 10. 9.
9. Imperial History, Life of Hadrian, 19.
10. Tacitus, Agricola, 21.
11. Cassius Dio, Book 69. 8.
12. Robin Lane Fox, The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian (London, 2005), p. 595.
V CONSTANTINE
1. Pliny the Younger, Letters, 10. 96.
2. Ibid.
3. Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom (Oxford, 2002), pp. 18ff; Keith Hopkins, Journal of Early Christian Studies 6 (1998), pp. 185–226.
4. Mary Beard, John North and Simon Price, Religions of Rome (Cambridge, 1998), vol. 1, p. 365.
5. Averil Cameron, The Later Roman Empire (London, 1993), pp.33–7.
6. Ibid., p. 42.
7. Peter Jones and Keith Sidwell (eds), The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 172–4.
8. Eusebius, Church History, Book 8. 2; Cameron, Later Roman Empire, p. 44.
9. Cameron, Later Roman Empire, p. 32.
10. Lactantius, On the Deaths of the Persecutors, 24; Zosimus, New History, Book 2. 8. For Constantine’s physical appearance see Eusebius, Life of Constantine, Book 1. 19.
11. Lactantius, Deaths of the Persecutors, 44; Zosimus, New History, Book 2. 14.
12. Eusebius, Church History, Book 8. 16.
13. Inscription from the Arch of Constantine in Rome; Eusebius, Life of Constantine, Book 1. 27.
14. Eusebius, Life of Constantine, Book 1. 34–6.
15. Cameron, Later Roman Empire, p. 7; Beard, North and Price, Religions of Rome, vol. 1, p. 364.
16. Latin Panegyrics, 9 (12). 3. 3 & 5. 1–2. Zosimus (New History, Book 2. 15) gives even more inflated battle figures: 170,000 infantry and 18,000 cavalry for Maxentius versus 90,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry for Constantine.
17. Lactantius, Divine Institutes, 1.
18. Eusebius, Life of Constantine, Book 1. 37; Lactantius, Deaths of the Persecutors, 44.
19. Zosimus, New History, Book 2. 15; Eusebius, Life of Constantine, Book 1. 38.
20. Eusebius, Life of Constantine, Book 1. 28; Sozomen, Church History, Book 1. 3.
21. For modern interpretations of the sign see Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall, Eusebius: Life of Constantine (Oxford, 1999), pp. 207–10.
22. Latin Panegyrics, 7 (6). 21.
23. Eusebius, Life of Constantine, Book 1. 30.
24. Zosimus, New History, Book 2. 16.
25. Eusebius, Life of Constantine, Book 1. 39. The distribution of money by the soldiers to the people of Rome is recorded on reliefs on the Arch of Constantine.
26. Latin Panegyrics, 12 (9). 19; Zosimus, New History, Book 2. 29; Eusebius (Life of Constantine, Book 1. 48) gives 315 (the date of his return to Rome to celebrate his ten-year anniversary of being emperor) and not 312 as the date when Constantine made no pagan sacrifices in Rome.